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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (345)
  • 2000-2004  (345)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suicide and mental health problems among Swedish youth in the wake of the 1990s recession (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    International journal of social welfare 9 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2397
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: The purpose of this explorative study is to bring together a variety of Swedish data sources with indicators of youth mental health and living conditions in order to illuminate trends during the last decades, elucidate possible determinants of mental ill health and develop hypotheses to explain the observed trend patterns. The analyses in the study reveal some surprising inconsistencies with respect to the mental health trends among young people during the 1990s. Most striking is the pattern of increasing youth unemployment coinciding with almost inverse trends in the rates of suicide. The secular trends in fatal suicides during this period do not show any increase but some actual decrease in sub-populations despite high sustained levels of unemployment. In contrast, survey data indicate that the general mental health of youth during this period appears to have deteriorated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2397.00130
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autonomic healing of polymer composites (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 409 (2001), S. 794-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Structural polymers are susceptible to damage in the form of cracks, which form deep within the structure where detection is difficult and repair is almost impossible. Cracking leads to mechanical degradation of fibre-reinforced polymer composites; in microelectronic polymeric components it can ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35057232
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multimodality therapy in inflammatory breast cancer: Is there a place for surgery? (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 11 (2000), S. 1147-1153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast ; cancer ; inflammatory ; multimodality ; surgery ; therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:In many centres surgery is used as part of a combinedmodality approach to the treatment of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC).Nevertheless, its value is controversial given the high risk of metastaticrelapse and poor overall prognosis. We have reviewed patients with true IBCprospectively treated at the Royal Marsden Hospital in chemotherapy trials toassess further the role of surgery as part of combined modality treatment. Patients and methods:Fifty-four patients who had responsive orstable disease to primary chemotherapy went on to have either radiotherapyalone (n = 35) or surgery plus radiotherapy (n = 19); thedecision on surgery was based partly on clinician preference and partly onclinical response. Results:The 35 patients undergoing radiotherapy alone had amedian progression-free survival (PFS) of 16 months and median overallsurvival (OS) of 35 months. Twenty-four patients (69%) have relapsedwith a total of twelve (34%) relapsing locally. In comparison, the 19patients receiving both surgery and radiotherapy had a PFS of 20 months, anda median OS of 35 months. Fifteen patients (79%) have relapsed, eight(42%) of these locally. None of these differences were statisticallysignificant. Conclusions:These results do not suggest a clinical advantage forsurgery in addition to chemotherapy and radiotherapy for patients with IBC.They support the need for a prospective randomised trial to address thisquestion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008374931854
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapidly fluctuating anisotropy parameter in the near-threshold photodissociation of NO2 (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 3699-3709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel experiment for near-threshold photodissociation studies is presented. State-selective excitation of the molecular photofragments to high-n Rydberg states is used in a variation of the ion imaging technique, allowing for undistorted detection of slow fragments produced close to the channel dissociation threshold. As a first demonstration of this method, the angular anisotropy parameter β for production of NO (J=17/2) and O 3P2 in the photodissociation of NO2 has been obtained as a function of excess energy. A classical model for β as a function of excess energy is presented, accounting for the decrease of anisotropy in the angular photofragment distribution upon approaching the channel threshold. The experimental values of β fluctuate substantially around the values predicted by the model, indicating strong underlying fluctuations in the state-to-state rate constant. This experiment offers in principle a unique route to measuring state-to-state reaction rate constants in situations where existing time- or frequency-resolved methods are inappropriate. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480522
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependent relaxation and recombination dynamics of the hydrated electron (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 1126-1134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ultrafast solvation and recombination dynamics of the hydrated electron generated by two-photon ionization of water at 4.65 eV is studied by transient absorption spectroscopy as a function of temperature in the range from 277 K to 355 K. The part of the spectral blue shift which is observed in the absorption spectrum of the hydrated electron after 1 ps is purely continuous and is accurately described by the well known analytical expression for the temperature dependent absorption spectrum of the ground state hydrated electron. This indicates that thermal relaxation or more likely solvation of the hydrated electron predominantly causes the blue shift. The survival probability of the hydrated electron shows a strong temperature dependence, which is satisfactory explained by the temperature dependent mobility and reaction rates of the species involved in the recombination. This implies that the average initial separation between the hydrated electron and the ionization site of 〈r0〉=1.0±0.1 nm does not depend significantly on the bulk water temperature. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481891
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular dynamics simulations of shocked benzene (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 9695-9698 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The behavior of benzene at high temperatures and pressures is studied using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. The interatomic forces were generated using linear-scaling tight-binding electronic structure theory on systems containing 128 and 576 molecules. The shock Hugoniot, calculated directly from the simulations without predetermining the equation of state, is compared with experiment. Piston velocities of 4 km/s or greater result in a pressure-induced polymerization. This transition is consistent with the bend in the experimental measurements of shock versus piston velocity. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481605
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The outcome of pregnancy in Kell alloimmunisation (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 107 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To assess management and outcome of pregnancies with anti-Kell in the West Midlands in the UK over 13 years.Design A retrospective review of casenotes.Setting A regional referral clinic for red cell alloimmune disease and fetal medicine unit at a university hospital.Population Sixty-five pregnancies were identified in 52 Kell-sensitised women with Kell positive partners from the records of the Birmingham Blood Transfusion Centre.Methods Information from the casenotes was entered on a database and comparisons were made using the SPSS for Windows statistics package.Main outcome measures Mode of sensitisation, degree of fetal or neonatal anaemia, need for transfusion, gestation at delivery, birthweight and pregnancy outcome.Results Alloimmunisation was transfusion-related in 29 pregnancies and pregnancy-induced in 33. The cause could not be identified in three cases. There were 22 proven Kell positive fetuses, of which 18 were affected, in which alloimmunisation was pregnancy-related in 12 cases and transfusion-related in five. Antibody titres and amniotic fluid OD450 were not helpful in management. Severe or very severe disease occurred in 50% of the affected pregnancies (9/18). There was no difference in pregnancy outcome between transfusion or pregnancy induced sensitisation.Conclusions Anti-Kell alloimmunisation is an uncommon cause of serious anaemia in a significant proportion of affected pregnancies. There appears to be no difference between that caused by pregnancy or transfusion. Estimation of fetal haemoglobin concentration by cordocentesis is recommended, as antibody titres and amniocentesis are not helpful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13266.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nanoscale limited area growth of InAs islands on GaAs(001) by molecular beam epitaxy (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 3282-3288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Growth of InAs islands on a GaAs(001) substrate patterned with ∼50–200-nm diameter holes in an SiO2 mask overlayer providing selective GaAs nucleation areas is reported. The nanoscale pattern was generated in the SiO2 film by large-area interferometric lithography and dry etching. Two-dimensional, 285-nm period, arrays of InAs islands having heights of 10–15 nm with three different bottom diameters of 50–100, ∼150, and ∼200 nm were selectively grown on SiO2 patterned substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Growth conditions were chosen to provide a very-low sticking coefficient of In atoms on the SiO2 surface suppressing volume contribution from migration of In atoms incident on the SiO2 mask region to nearby open GaAs surface areas. Formation of spherical-section InAs dots with diameters of about 50 nm relying on nanoscale-limited area growth is demonstrated. As the diameter of the hole increases beyond 150 nm, InAs islands deviate from a spherical section and self-assembled quantum dots confined within the open GaAs surface appear. A relation between dot formation and the nanoscale growth area is proposed, with a transition from single- to multiple-dot formation occurring at hole diameters of ∼100–150 nm. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1436303
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of laser-induced avalanche in dielectrics (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 344-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A study of the dependence of the laser-induced avalanche behavior on the intensity of irradiation in dielectrics is carried out. The avalanche rate is computed directly from the reduced equations, instead of the time dependent kinetic equations, thereby requiring less computational effort. For comparison, the calculations were carried out for both the flux-doubling model and the linear Fokker–Planck type equation for fused silica material. The flux-doubling model overestimates the avalanche rate by about 8%–10%. The properties of the equations describing the avalanche behavior indicate a nonlinear dependence of the avalanche rate on the intensity. The results for fused silica show an almost linear dependence in the high intensity range from about 1 TW/cm2 to infinity, and in the low intensity range up to about 0.01 TW/cm2, but a significant departure from linearity at the intermediate intensities. For a Gaussian pulse, the exponential growth rate of the electron density distribution in the avalanche regime is still almost directly proportional to the instantaneous fluence. Although the proportionality constant increases with increasing peak intensity, the difference is negligible in the high and low intensity ranges. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1421207
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gray track formation in KTiOPO4 by swift ion irradiation (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 6560-6562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Potassium titanyl phosphate single crystals were irradiated with 48 MeV lithium ions at fluences varying from 5×1012 to 1016 ions/cm2. The defects created in the crystal have been characterized using x-ray rocking curve measurements, optical transmittance, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. From x-ray rocking curve studies, the full width at half maximum for the irradiated samples was observed to increase, indicating lattice strain caused by the energetic ions. Optical transparency of these samples was found to decrease upon irradiation. The irradiated samples exhibited a broadband luminescence in the 700–900 nm region, for fluences above 5×1013 ions/cm2. The results indicate that ion-beam-induced optical effects in KTiOPO4 single crystals are very similar to the ones obtained for crystals with "gray tracks," which are attributed to the electronic transitions in the Ti3+ levels. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1347949
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