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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (19)
  • 1995-1999  (6)
  • 1990-1994  (11)
  • 1965-1969  (2)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (18)
  • Attention  (1)
  • Styrene
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of reappearance of fixated and attended stimuli upon saccadic reaction time (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 81 (1990), S. 318-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Attention ; Fixation ; Saccadic reaction time Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of visual attention and fixation upon the distribution of saccadic latencies: express (E-), fast regular (FR-), and slow regular (SR-) saccades were investigated. Extinguishing a fixation or an attention point 200–300 ms before target onset increases the incidence of E-saccades while concurrently decreasing the proportion of SR-saccades. Since this extinction forces a disengaging of attention, these changes in relative proportions of saccades reflect the elimination of one of the steps involved in programming saccades. It is shown that a previously attended stimulus has a favored status relative to other stimuli in the visual field. If, after being turned off, the previously attended fixation point or a peripheral attention stimulus is turned on near the time of the target's appearance, the occurrence of the E-saccades is greatly reduced. However, the appearance of any other stimulus in the visual field at or near the time of the target onset does not inhibit E-saccades. Contrary to the conclusions reached by Posner and Cohen (1984), a stimulus presented at the formerly attended location can attract attention more efficiently than a stimulus presented at another, new location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228122
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain-induced crystallisation and miscibility behaviour of hydrogenated nitrile rubbersPaper presented at the meeting of the GDCh-Fachgruppe “Makromolekulare Chemie” on “Kautschukelastische Polymersysteme” in Bad Nauheim (Germany), March 30-31, 1992. (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 202 (1992), S. 143-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: HNBR rubbers, which are made by selective hydrogenation of the olefinic bonds of NBR rubbers, have been developed, because they show improved resistance towards heat and chemicals. In this study, two other properties are discussed that arise from the fact that HNBR rubbers are fairly alternating copolymers of unpolar butylene and polar acrylonitrile units: At intermediate compostions, HNBR rubbers form homogeneous blends with PVC, and near the symmetric composition they exhibit strain-induced crystallisation. The thermal transitions of the HNBR rubbers and their miscibility with PVC were analyzed, as well as the crystallisation and the stress-strain behaviour of a HNBR of symmetric composition.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1992.052020109
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyesters with 1.4:3.6-dianhydrosorbitol as polymeric plasticizers for PVCDedicated to Professor Dr. W. Heitz on the accasion of his 60th birthday (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 199 (1992), S. 191-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Gesättigte aliphatische Polyester mit dem aus Stärke erhältlichen 1.4:3.6-Dianhydrosorbit wurden mit PVC gemischt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Mischungen wurden mittels Differentialkalorimetrie, Spannungs-Dehnungs-Experimenten und Torsionspendelmessungen untersucht. Polyester mit mehr als vier Methylengruppen in der Säurekomponente sind mit PVC mischbar. Mischungen aus PVC und Poly(1.4:3.6-dianhydrosorbitadipat) sind dagegen unverträglich; sie zeigen für jedes Mischungsverhältnis zwei Glastemperaturen, die bei denen der Reinkomponenten liegen.
    Notes: Saturated aliphatic polyesters with 1.4:3.6-dianhydrosorbitol units were mixed with poly(vinylchloride) (PVC). The mechanical properties of these mixtures were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, stress-strain experiments, and torsion pendulum measurements. Polyesters containing more than four methylene groups in the acid component are compatible with PVC. These polyesters can serve as plasticizers for PVC. On the contrary, mixtures of PVC with poly(1.4:3.6-dianhydrosorbitol adipate) are incompatible; in this case, at any blend composition, the two glass transition temperatures of the pure components are observed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1992.051990115
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of polyesters by free-radical chain transfer (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 210 (1993), S. 173-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch radikalische Kettenübertragung ausgelöste Pfropfcopolymerisationen von Polyestern rnit Styrol wurden untersucht. Als Rückgratkette diente ein Modellpolyester aus trans- 1,4-Cyclohexandiol und Sebacinsäuredichlorid. Ferner wurden flüssigkristalline Polyester rnit 1,4 : 3,6-Dianhydrosorbit und 1,4-Anhydroerythrit als Diolkomponenten hergestellt und zur Pfropfcopolymerisation mit Styrol eingesetzt. Polymerblends aus Tetramethylbisphenol A-Polycarbonat und den ungepfropften sowie mit Styrol gepfropften flüssigkristallinen Polyestern wurden durch gemeinsame Fällung von Polymerlösungen erhalten; ihr Verhalten wurde mit Torsionspendelmessungen, dynamisch-mechanischer Thermoanalyse und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Der gepfropfte Polyester erwies sich dabei als wirksamer Phasenvermittler.
    Notes: Graft copolymerizations of polyesters with styrene by free-radical chain transfer reactions were investigated. A model polyester of trans-l,4-cyclohexanediol and sebacoy1 dichloride was used as backbone chain. The graft products were characterized. Furthermore, liquid crystalline polyesters with 1,4 : 3,6-dianhydrosorbitol and 1,4-anhydroerythritol as diol components were synthesized and used in graft copolymerizations with styrene. Polymer blends of tetramethylbisphenol A polycarbonate and the LC-polyester with and without polystyrene grafts were prepared by common precipitation of polymer solutions and their behaviour was examined by torsion pendulum, dynamic-mechanical thermoanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. The grafted polyester turned out to be an efficient phase compatibilizer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1993.052100114
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triazine-based polymers, 2. Synthesis and characterization of polyethers (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 221 (1994), S. 187-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyether auf Triazinbasis können mittels phasentransferkatalysierter Polykondensation bei Raumtemperatur und Reaktionszeiten von 1 bis 3 h hergestellt werden. Von mehr als 20 Polyethern wurden Löslichkeiten, Glasübergangstemperaturen, thermogravimetrische Daten, Reißdehnungen, Reißfestigkeiten, Elastizitätsmoduli und Schlagzähigkeiten bestimmt. Von den Polymeren aus 2,4-Dichlor-6-diethylamino-s-triazin und Bisphenol A wurde zusätzlich der Kristallisationsgrad mittels Röntgenweitwinkelstreuung ermittelt. Das Inkrement des 1,3,5-Triazintriylrings wurde bestimmt, so daß die Glastemperaturen einiger Polyether nach van Krevelen berechnet werden konnten.
    Notes: Triazine-based polyethers can be synthesized by phase transfer catalysed interfacial polycondensation at room temperature and reaction times of about 1 to 3 h. In this way, more than 20 polyethers were synthesized and solubilities, glass transition temperatures, thermogravimetric data, elongations at break, tensil strengths, elasticity moduli and impact strengths were determined. In addition, the degree of crystallinity was investigated for the polymer obtained from of 2,4-dichloro-6-diethylamino-s-triazine and bisphenol A by wide angle X-ray diffraction. The increment of the 1,3,5-triazinetriyl ring was determined, which made it possible to calculate the glass transition temperatures of some polyethers according to van Krevelen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1994.052210116
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benzylcellulose als thermoplastischer kunststoff, II.Teil I siehe4 Stabilisierung und weichmachung.Herrn Prof. Dr. Josef Schurz zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 224 (1995), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By addition of a stabilizer (4-benzyloxyphenol) the oxidative thermal decomposition of benzylcellulose during melt processing was reduced. The minimum stabilizer concentration was 5 wt.-%. Plastification with diethyl phthalate reduced the glass transition temperature and the processing temperature and imparted softness and flexibility of the inherently brittle benzylcellulose. The required plasticiser concentration (5-10 wt.-%) is lower than that required for other cellulose ethers like ethylcellulose (10-20 wt.-%) or cellulose acetates (20-30 wt.-%).
    Notes: Durch Zusatz eines Stabilisators (4-Benzyloxyphenol) kann die oxidative thermische Schädigung von Benzylcellulose bei deren Verarbeitung aus der Schmelze vermindert werden. Die notwendige Mindestkonzentration an Stabilisator beträgt 5 Gew.-%. Durch äßere Weichmachung mit Diethylphthalat können die Glas- und die Verarbeitungstemperatur herabgesetzt und eine zufriedenstellende Weichheit und Flexibilität der ansonsten hart-spröden reinen Benzylcellulose erzielt werden. Die erforderliche Weichmacherkonzentration liegt bei 5 bis 10 Gew.-% und ist damit wesentlich niedriger als für andere Cellulosederivate wie z. B. Ethylcellulose (10-20 Gew.-%) oder Celluloseacetate (20-30 Gew.-%).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052240107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical behaviour of PS/PVC blends compatibilized with block-graft copolymers based on poly(styrene-block-butadiene)Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Borchard on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 233 (1995), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Blends aus Polystyrol (PS) und Polyvinylchlorid (PVC) sind aus thermodynamischen Gründen unverträglich und weisen deshalb nur schlechte mechanische Eigenschaften wie mangelnde Schlagzähigkeits- und Reißdehnungswerte auf. Der Grund hierfür liegt in der Natur der Grenzfläche solcher unverträglicher, heterogener Polymer-Blends. Hohe Grenzflächenspannungen und eine geringe Phasenadhäsion führen zu groben Phasenmorphologien, die kinetisch und thermodynamisch instabil sind. Jedoch gelingt es mit maßgeschneiderten Block-Pfropfcopolymeren P(S-b-(B-g-CHMA, MMA)) auf Basis von Styrol/Butadien-Blockcopolymeren P(S-b-B), auf die Polycyclohexylmethacrylat (PCHMA) oder Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) radikalisch ge-pfropft wurden, die Phasenmorphologien drastisch zu verfeinern, was zu einem duktilen Verhalten der modifizierten Blends führt. So steigt die Schlagzähigkeit von modifizierten gegenüber nicht modifizierten PS/PVC-Blends um den Faktor 10 und bewegt sich damit im Bereich von zähmodifiziertem PS.Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen (TEM, REM) beweisen, daß die drastisch verbesserten Eigenschaften der modifizierten PS/PVC-Blends auf einer Grenzflächenselektivität der Block-Pfropfcopolymeren und einer ausgezeichneten Phasenanbindung beruhen.
    Notes: Blends composed of polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) are incompatible due to unfavourable interactions. Consequently, their mechanical properties such as impact strength and elongation at break are only very poor. The key to successfully influence the properties of such heterogeneous blends lies in the control of the interface. High interface tensions and an insufficient phase adhesion often lead to coarse phase morphologies which are thermodynamically and kinetically unstable. However, with radically synthesized, tailor made block-graft copolymers P(S-b-(B-g-CHMA, MMA)) based on a styrene/butadiene two-block copolymer P(S-b-B) which are grafted with poly(cyclohexylmethacrylate) (PCHMA) or poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), the phase morphology can be markedly refined and the blends surprisingly show ductile behaviour. Thus, the impact strength of so modified PS/PVC 1 : 1 blends is about ten times higher than in the unmodified case and is thereby similar to impact modified PS.Electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) reveals that the modified PS/PVC blends owe their improved mechanical properties to the interface selectivity of the block-graft copolymers and therefore to a superior phase adhesion.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052330107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triazine-based polymers, 3Part 2 cf.20.. Synthesis and characterization of polyamines (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 233 (1995), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Serie von 16 Polyaminen auf Triazinbasis wurde mittels Grenzflächenpolykondensation synthetisiert. Als Monomere wurden verschiedene Dichlortriazinderivate sowie Diaminverbindungen verwendet. Der Einfluß von Temperatur, Reaktionszeit, Monomerkonzentration, Art des organischen Lösungsmittels sowie Art der Base auf die reduzierte spezifische Viskosität und die Ausbeute an Polyamin wurde untersucht. Löslichkeiten, Glastemperaturen und thermogravimetrische Daten der Produkte wurden bestimmt. Über die dynamisch-mechanische Thermoanalyse von zwei Polyaminen wird berichtet.
    Notes: A series of 16 triazine-based polymines was synthesized by interfacial polycondensation, using various dichlorotriazine derivatives and diamines as monomers. The effect of the reaction parameters temperature, reaction time, concentration of monomers, type of organic solvent and type of base on the reduced specific viscosity and yield of polyamines was investigated. Solubilities, glass transition temperatures and thermogravimetric data were determined. Dynamic-mechanical thermal analyses of two polyamines are reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052330111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-component diacrylate networks from liquid-crystalline and non-liquid-crystalline monomers I. Synthesis of the monomers, phase behaviour of the binary monomer mixtures, network formation (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 250 (1997), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus Bisacrylaten wurden durch photoinduzierte Vernetzung in der isotropen Phase zweikomponentige Netzwerke synthetisiert. Bei allen Systemen wurde als eine Komponente ein Bisacrylat verwendet, das eine flüssigkristalline Phase bilden kann, und als zweite Komponente ein Bisacrylat, das dazu nicht in der Lage ist. Die isotrope Komponente wurde hinsichtlich ihrer Größe, Geometrie und Polarität variiert. Für alle Systeme wurden mittels einer Wärmeflußkalorimetrie (DSC) Phasendiagramme der Monomermischungen erstellt. Das Phasenverhalten der Systeme zeigt eine Abhängigkeit vom Schmelzpunkt und der chemischen Struktur der isotropen Zweitkomponente. Die Vernetzungstemperatur wurde so gewählt, dafß die Vernetzung in der isotropen Phase 10 °C über der Phasenllbergangstemperatur erfolgte. Die Reaktionskinetik wurde aus den Photopolymerisationsenthalpien mittels eines für photochemische Vernetzungen modifizierten DSC-Gerätes untersucht. Die Zeitabhängigkeit des Umsatzes und der Gesamtumsatz an Acrylatbindungen wurden aus den DSC-Kurven ermittelt. Der Gesamtumsatz hängt nicht von der Reaktionstemperatur und der Struktur der Monomeren ab und liegt je nach Zusammensetzung füralle Systeme zwischen 53 und 71%. Die Zeitabhängigkeit des Umsatzes hingegen wird von der Struktur des nicht flüssigkristallinen Comonomeren beeinflufßt.
    Notes: Two-component networks of diacrylate monomers were synthesized by photoinduced polymerization in the isotropic phase. In all systems one component was a liquid-crystalline diacrylate, whereas the second component was a non-liquid-crystalline diacrylate, which was varied in size, geometry and polarity. The phase behaviour of the monomer mixtures has been analysed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is influenced by the melting point and the structure of the non-liquid-crystalline component. All samples were cross-linked in the isotropic phase 10°C above the phase transition temperature and a modified differential scanning calorimeter was used to investigate the enthalpies of photopolymerization. The final value and the time dependence of the conversion of acrylate double bonds were calculated from the DSC curves. The final degree of conversion of the acrylate double bonds was between 53 and 71% for all samples, whereas no significant dependence of the degree of conversion on the chemical structure of the monomers or the reaction temperature has been found. In contrast, the time dependence of the conversion was influenced by the chemical structure of the non-liquid-crystalline component.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052500108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of non-mesogenic comonomers on the phase behaviour, the structure and the miscibility of side chain liquid-crystalline polymersDedicated to Prof. Dr. Milan Lazár on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1993)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 2349-2359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The phase behaviour of methacrylic side chain liquid-crystalline (LC) copolymers, with a spacer-decoupled mesogen in one comonomer and a methyl (MMA) or stearyla (SMA) substituent in the other comonomer, was studied. The mesogen is of the phenyl benzoate type and has a methoxy end group. The LC homopolymer (PLC) has a smectic and a nematic phase. The comonomers MMA and SMA destabilize the LC phase. This effect is compared to the destabilisation caused by end groups in oligomers of PLC. The SMA side chains crystallize so that the SMA copolymers assume a smectic-crystalline bilayer structure. Finally, it is shown that the order of the copolymers affects their mutual miscibility.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940818
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