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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7)
  • Behavioral economics  (4)
  • Cocaine  (4)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7)
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Years
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition of IV amphetamine and cocaine self-administration in rats as a function of dose (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 129 (1997), S. 206-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acquisition ; Amphetamine ; Autoshaping ; Cocaine ; Dose ; IV intake ; Rats ; Self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of dose on the acquisition of IV amphetamine and cocaine self-administration was examined. Three unit doses of amphetamine (0.03, 0.06 and 0.12 mg/kg) and three unit doses of cocaine (0.05, 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg) were tested in separate groups of ten (amphetamine) or 13 (cocaine) rats. Autoshaping methods were used to train rats to press a lever that resulted in drug infusion under a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule. A daily 6-h autoshaping component non-contingently delivered 60 infusions according to a 60-s random time schedule with ten infusions delivered during the first half of each h. Each day autoshaping sessions were followed by a 6-h self-administration session. The criterion for acquisition was a 5-day period during which a daily mean of 100, 50 or 25 infusions for the three amphetamine doses and 400, 100 or 25 infusions were earned during the 6-h self-administration period for the three cocaine doses, respectively. As dose increased, more rats per group acquired drug self-administration and the mean number of days to meet the acquisition criterion decreased. The percentage of rats acquiring amphetamine self-administration increased with dose and ranged from 80 to 100%. Only one rat at the lowest cocaine dose met the acquisition criterion, but 100 percent of the rats at the two higher doses acquired. During the last 2 days of acquisition, mean infusions decreased and mean drug intake (mg/kg) increased as dose increased. On the last day of acquisition, the time course of infusions during the 6-h self-administration component was characterized by a steady rate of infusions per hour, and number of infusions was inversely related to dose. These findings indicate that the initial available dose of a drug is an important determinant of the rate and probability that successful acquisition will occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050182
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary additives and the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 137 (1998), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acquisition ; Autoshaping ; Caffeine ; Cocaine ; Food deprivation ; Intravenous self-administration ; Rats ; Saccharin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of dietary caffeine and the amount and palatability of food on the acquisition of cocaine (0.2 mg/kg) self-administration were examined. Using an autoshaping procedure, seven groups of 13 rats each were trained to press a lever resulting in a cocaine (0.2 mg/kg infusion under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR 1) schedule. One group had ad libitum access to caffeine- (0.2% w/w) admixed food. Three groups had access to 10 g, 20 g or ad lib food each day. Another three groups had the same three amounts of ground food with powdered saccharin (0.2% w/w) added. During daily 6-h autoshaping sessions, ten infusions were delivered each hour under a random-time 90-s schedule after a brief (15 s) extension of a retractable lever. These were followed by 6-h self-administration sessions, when the lever remained extended and cocaine infusions were available under an FR 1 schedule. The acquisition criterion was self-administration of a mean of 100 infusions over 5 days. Cocaine self-administration was accelerated in the caffeine group compared to the regular chow group. However, by 30 days nearly the same percentage of rats in the caffeine and regular food groups met the acquisition criterion. In the other six groups, as the amount of food increased, the rate of acquisition and percentage of rats per group meeting the acquisition criterion decreased. In the ad lib group, acquisition was further reduced when saccharin was added to food. In summary, dietary caffeine accelerated acquisition and a greater amount and increased palatability of food independently interfered with acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050596
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of drug self-administration by an alternative non-drug reinforcer in rhesus monkeys: magnitude and temporal effects (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 147 (2000), S. 418-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Alternative reinforcer ; Behavioral economics ; Drug self-administration ; Elasticity ; Magnitude ; PCP ; Rhesus monkey ; Saccharin ; Unit price
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Recent studies have shown that non-drug alternative reinforcers reduce drug self-administration. A goal of the present study was to explore factors such as magnitude of the alternative reinforcer and inter-session access to the alternative to identify conditions that lead to optimal reductions in drug intake. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of increasing the volume/delivery (v/d) of saccharin on oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration in rhesus monkeys given continuous access to PCP and saccharin during daily sessions using a behavioral economic analysis. The effects of availability of a saccharin solution during the inter-session period on session PCP consumption in drug-experienced monkeys was also investigated. Methods: Subjects had access to PCP (0.25 mg/ml) and either water or saccharin (0.03%) from two drinking spouts under concurrent and independent fixed-ratio (FR) schedules during daily 3-h sessions. The FR requirements for both available liquids were simultaneously increased (FR4–64). The v/d of saccharin or water was increased (from 0.3 ml to 1.2 ml), while the v/d of PCP remained constant (0.6 ml). In a second experiment, subjects had access to water or saccharin and water during the inter-session period (17.5 h) under an FR1 schedule. PCP and water were available during daily 3-h sessions under concurrent FR schedules. The FR for both liquids was increased (FR16–128). Results: PCP intake was reduced at all FRs and magnitude conditions when saccharin (versus water) was concurrently available. Varying the v/d of saccharin only had a modest effect on the extent to which PCP intake was decreased at the higher FR values. Inter-session saccharin availability (versus water) reduced session PCP intake and the magnitude of this effect was also greater at the higher FR values. Conclusions: The magnitude of the saccharin delivery had an effect on PCP consumption at higher FRs, suggesting that economic factors such as high drug cost (FR) and low cost (responses/ml) of the alternative reinforcer (saccharin) interact to produce a maximum suppression of drug intake. Between-session availability of saccharin also effectively reduced drug intake, and it had a greater effect on the maintenance levels of drug self-administration when the unit price of drug was high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050011
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent self-administration of ethanol and an alternative nondrug reinforcer in monkeys: effects of income (session length) on demand for drug (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 120 (1995), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Demand ; Ethanol ; Income ; Oral ; Rhesus monkeys ; Saccharin ; Self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulata) were trained to self-administer orally delivered ethanol (8%) and saccharin (0.03 or 0.3% wt/vol) or water under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) schedules. The FR requirement for saccharin was fixed at 32, while the FR for ethanol was varied (4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128) in a nonsystematic order to assess demand for drug. Demand was defined as consumption plotted as a function of price (FR). Income was defined as the duration of access to available resources. Income was varied by allowing access to the concurrently available liquids 20, 60 or 180 min per day. Order of testing was counter-balanced across monkeys. Saccharin deliveries were much higher than ethanol deliveries under the 180-min income condition; however, they were lower than ethanol deliveries when income was reduced to 20 min and the ethanol FR was 4, 8 or 16. Thus, when the price of drug was relatively low, consumption of drug exceeded that of the nondrug reinforcer, and that relationship was reversed as income decreased. Saccharin deliveries sustained a proportionally greater reduction due to decreased income compared to ethanol deliveries. As income decreased from 180 to 20 min, saccharin deliveries were reduced by an average of 79.1% (across ethanol FR conditions) while ethanol deliveries were reduced by an average of 41.2 and 40.8% when concurrent saccharin or water were available, respectively; thus, drug self-administration was more resistant to income changes than saccharin. The demand for ethanol was shifted downward in a parallel fashion as income decreased. As ethanol cost (FR) increased, there were proportionately greater decreases in ethanol intake when saccharin was concurrently available compared to when water was available. There was a 35–50% reduction in ethanol deliveries due to concurrent saccharin (versus water) at FR 4, compared to a 55–75% reduction at FR 128. Cost of ethanol (FR), income level and the availability of a nondrug reinforcer are all variables that modify ethanol-reinforced behavior, and income alters the relative preference for a drug versus nondrug reinforcer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246139
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food deprivation affects extinction and reinstatement of responding in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 121 (1995), S. 150-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Extinction ; Food deprivation ; Intravenous ; Maintenance dose ; Rats ; Reinstatement of responding ; Relapse ; Self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Food deprivation has been shown to increase the self-administration of a wide variety of drugs in a number of different species. However, the effects of food deprivation on other phases of drug taking have not been established. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of food deprivation on reinstatement of responding for cocaine. Rats trained to self-administer 0.2, 0.4, or 1.0 mg/kg cocaine intravenously (IV) under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for the first 2 h during daily 7-h sessions were fed either before or after the experimental session. During hours 3–7, rats self-administered saline. Saline replaced cocaine in the infusion pumps at the beginning of hour 3 and a priming injection of either saline or cocaine (0.32, 1.0, or 3.2 mg/kg IV) was administered at the beginning of hour 4. The number of infusions that was self-administered was measured throughout the 7-h session. During hours 1 and 2 when cocaine was available, the number of infusions was inversely related to cocaine dose. During hour 3, rats typically self-administered several infusions of saline, which gradually decreased to near-zero levels by hours 4–7 (extinction responding). A priming injection of cocaine administered at the beginning of hour 4 reinstated responding in a dose-related manner. The magnitude of extinction responding during hour 3 and reinstatement of responding during hour 4 were similar regardless of cocaine maintenance dose. However, responding during hour 4 did increase in all cocaine maintenance dose groups when rats were fed before versus after the session. The effects of food deprivation level (8–12 g, 20 g, unlimited food) and time of feeding (before versus after the session) were also assessed in rats maintained at 0.4 mg/kg cocaine. While the magnitude of reinstatement of responding during hour 4 did not vary as a function of food level, extinction responding during hour 3 was significantly increased in rats maintained at the lowest food level (8–12 g) when feeding occurred after the session. These results suggest that food deprivation level and time of feeding, but not cocaine maintenance dose, are important variables in altering extinction and reinstatement of responding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245624
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined effects of buprenorphine and a nondrug alternative reinforcer on IV cocaine self-administration in rats maintained under FR schedules (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 125 (1996), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alternative nondrug reinforcer ; Behavioral economics ; Buprenorphine ; Cocaine ; Fixed-ratio ; Glucose+saccharin ; Intravenous ; Rats ; Self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although previous studies have shown that pharmacological agents, such as buprenorphine, and alternative nondrug reinforcers, such as money or sweetened solutions, reduce cocaine self-administration, few studies have examined the combined effects of these two approaches. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the opioid partial agonist buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) and concurrent access to either water or a glucose plus saccharin solution (G+S, 3% and 0.125% wt/vol) in rats self-administering intravenous (IV) cocaine (0.4 mg/kg per infusion) under fixed-ratio schedules (FR2, 8 or 32). One group had concurrent access to water and another group had concurrent access to G+S. After 3 consecutive days of stable cocaine self-administration, a single buprenorphine injection (0.1 mg/kg IV) was administered 30 min before the start of the experimental session for 3 consecutive days. To summarize the results, (1) the presence of an alternative non-drug reinforcer significantly reduced cocaine self-administration; (2) buprenorphine selectively decreased cocaine, but not water or G+S, self-administration; (3) the decrease in cocaine infusions by buprenorphine was greatest on the first day of buprenorphine administration; and (4) expressed as a percentage of baseline conditions, the combination of buprenorphine and G+S produced a greater decrease in cocaine self-administration than either buprenorphine or G+S alone. These results indicate that combined treatment with buprenorphine and concurrent access to a sweetened solution is a more effective strategy for reducing cocaine self-administration than either strategy alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246018
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smoked heroin self-administration in rhesus monkeys (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 125 (1996), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Cocaine base ; Crack ; Drug self-administration ; Heroin ; Inhalation ; Loperamide ; Naloxone antagonism ; Rhesus monkeys ; Smoking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate behavioral and pharmacological determinants of smoked heroin self-administration. Eight rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer smoked heroin under a chained fixed-ratio (FR, 64-1024) for lever presses, FR 5 for inhalations schedule during daily experimental sessions. Demand for heroin was determined by plotting consumption (smoke deliveries) as a function of price which was varied by increasing the FR lever press requirement from 64 to 1024. The heroin demand curve was compared to that obtained with smoked cocaine base. Dose-effect determinations were obtained by varying the unit dose of heroin from 0.025 to 1.6 mg/kg per delivery. Pretreatment with naloxone (0.01–1.0 mg/kg IM, 10 min presession) and substitution tests with the peripherally acting opioid loperamide (0.1 mg/kg per delivery) were also conducted. Deliveries of smoked heroin decreased, but lever responding per delivery increased as the FR increased. Demand for heroin was elastic and comparable to demand for smoked cocaine base. Varying the dose of heroin available for self-administration resulted in an asymptotic dose-effect curve. Naloxone pretreatment produced dose-dependent decreases in heroin self-administration. Substitution of loperamide for heroin produced extinction-like responding within one or two sessions, with the total smoke deliveries decreasing by 80% of heroin levels within 8–15 days. Reinstatement of heroin resulted in a rapid return to baseline levels of self-administration. These data suggest that rhesus monkeys will readily and reliably self-administer heroin via the inhalation route, and behavioral and pharmacological manipulations indicate that smoked heroin functioned as a positive reinforcer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247328
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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