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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (30)
  • Chemistry  (29)
  • PACS: 61.80.Jh; 73.61.Cw; 79.70.+q  (1)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 62 (1963), S. 139-139 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In einer vorläufigen Untersuchung über die Kleinwinkelstreuung bei orientierten Polypropylenfasern wurde ein Maximum auf dem Meridian sowie eines auf dem äquator gefunden. Diese entsprachen BRAGGschen Perioden von 130 bzw. 50.5 Å.
    Notes: In preliminary work on the X-ray small angle scattering of highly oriented polypropylene fibers a maximum on the meridian as well as one on the aequator were found, corresponding to BRAGG-periods of 130 and 50.5 Å respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 5 (1950), S. 518-518 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallinity of rayons measured with a standardized x-ray method increases from 40 to 50% after previous treatment with 18% sodium hydroxide followed by removal of the alkali with boiling water. If the washing-out of the alkali is carried out at room temperature, or if 4% sodium hydroxide is employed, the increase in crystallinity is smaller. Neither exclusion of oxygen during mercerization nor addition of hydrogen peroxide to the soaking lye has an influence on the final crystallinity. Native celluloses (ramie and wood pulp), after soaking in 18% sodium hydroxide and washing at the boil, yield the same figure of 50% crystallinity. A crystallinity figure of 50% is also obtained upon heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of rayon fibers at 100°C. and in cellulose precipitated from dilute viscose solution at 100°.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The method for the evaluation of the percentage crystallinity in cellulose preparations from x-ray intensity measurements, previously described in detail (J. Appl. Phys., in press) is reviewed briefly and new material presented consisting of crystallinity percentages between 8% and 70%. Cotton, flax, and ramie possess equal crystallinity (70%) and so do the majority of rayons, independent of their degree of orientation and including cuprammonium and Lilienfeld rayons. Cellulose acetates saponified under varying conditions also yield almost the same value as rayon (40%). The New product Fiber G (du Pont) holds an exceptional position with 53% crystalline substance. In the series of native celluloses, wood pulp has about 65%, Valonia 65-70%, and bacterial cellulose about 40%. By dry grinding of rayon, a powder was obtained containing only slightly less than 10% crystalline substance, which on recrystallization in water, yields 2 product having the same crystallinity as rayon. The difference between the heats of wetting of the criginal and the recrystallized powder affords additional support of the results obtained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper reports on quantitative measurements of the small angle scattering of various rayons and ramie fibers as functions of moisture content using a three slit vacuum camera and monochromatic radiation. The scattered intensity was normalized on sample thickness and primary intensity through determination of the absorbance of the sample and of the intensity of the transmitted beam measured in arbitrary units. From these data the scattering power as defined by Porod, being the mean square of the fluctuations of the electron density, was calculated. This quantity was then converted into electron units through calibration of the procedure with exposures of noble metal sols of known composition and thus of computable scattering power. The exprimental results were compared with the scattering power calculated for cellulose fibers when regarded as submicro tow-phase systems consisting of crystalline cellulose imbedded in a homogeneous mixture of noncrystalline cellulose and water. In the air-dry state a few of the rayon speciman examined exhibited a scattering power of magnitude consistent with theory. The majority yielded much higher values, up to six times larger (so does dry ramie). This is interpreted by the occurrence of submicro voids to a volume fracton of less than 0.75%, variable from fiber to fiber. This explanation is corroborated by the existenc of a distinct correlation between scattering power and gravimetric density of the fiber. In conclusion, microvoids are the principal scattering “particles” in dry fibers. The values of the scattering power of water swollen rayons and ramie can be interpretated on the basis of a three-pahse model, with the phases consisting of crystalline cellulose, a homogeneous mixture of amorphous cellulose with water, and water, respectively.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 42 (1960), S. 590-590 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small angle scattering of ramie and of 25 highly oriented rayon samples of widely different prehistory has been examined in both the air-dry and the water-swollen condition with monochromatic radiation in a vacuum camera. All intensity curves are given. For some rayons the curves show distinct maxima or inflection points in either the swollen or the dry condition which seem to be indicative of the existence of a maximum of relatively low intensity superimposed on a normally descending small angle intensity curve. The Bragg spacing corresponding to these maxima lies close to 80 A. for the swollen and to 50 A. for the dry fibers. Other specimens either do not show these superimposed maxima or show only faint indications of their occurrence. The existence of maxima (particularly pronounced in Fortisan, Fiber G, Super Cordura, and Celanese K 36) seems to demonstrate that in some rayons a part of the fiber substance has a micellar structure of unexpectedly high regularity and with average interparticle distances given by the Bragg spacings indicated. The intensity curves of those swollen specimens which did not exhibit a maximum, when evaluated by the Guinier method for dilute systems, assuming parallel cylinders as the basic structure, yield figures between 35-55 A. for the diameter of the cylinders. Evaluation of the intensity curves according to an approximation suggested by Kratky (based on the picture of closely packed lamellae) points to the existence of a preferred spacing of the same order of magnitude (∼40 A.) for the dry and of ∼60 A. for the swollen fibers. No clear correlation between small angle scattering features and other known properties of the rayons has been detected.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 50 (1961), S. S10 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 30-39 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The intensity curves of small angle exposures of several rayon fibers in the water swollen state (degree of swelling q∼2) exhibit maxima and inflection points. It is shown that these singularities persist if the fibers are allowed to swell in LiOH solutions up to a swelling degree as high as 6.The occurrence of these maxima and inflection points demonstrates the existence of a degree of regularity in the superstructure not expected in the case of artificial fibers. It also provides conclusive evidence that in the small angle X-ray scattering by these objects interparticle interference does occur up to relatively high degrees of swelling.Evaluation after Guiniers method for diluted systems is therefore not permissible even not for such fibers which yield ordinary monotoneously descending intensity curves. This seems to decide the existing controversy in the literature, in partikular that between Hosemann and Kratky, in favour of the latter.Evaluation of the experiments on the basis of the special model system for cellulose fibers (lamellar clusters) as theoretically investigated by Kratky and Porod leads to an average period (inter lamellar distance) of 30-40 Å for water swollen rayons (110 Å for swollen ramie fibers).It follows from the Kratky-Porod theory that the occurrence of intensity curves either with singularities like maxima and inflection points or of the ordinary monotoneously descending type is correlated with relatively small variations in the average fluctuation coefficient of the existing periodicity. The large qualitative differences in shape of the intensity curves observed can thus be traced down to relatively small variations in the regularity of superstructure.It is shown that upon moderate acid treatment (heterogeneous hydrolysis) of rayon fibers the regularity of the superstructure can be considerably increased together with the increase in crystallinity which is known to occur simultaneously. With some rayons intensity curves with extremely sharp small angle maxima are then observed.It can be concluded that the size and mutual arrangement of the spots of increased local density which occur in cellulose fibers in the form of crystalline regions are of a surprisingly high regularity and that the crystalline regions should exhibit relatively sharp boundaries. Very smooth transitions between the crystalline and non-crystalline-proportions (as often discussed in the literature) seem to be out of the question.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß die Kleinwinkelintensitätskurven mancher im wassergequolienen Zustande (beim Quellungsgrad q∼2) aufgenommenen Reyonfasern, Singularitäten wie Biegepunkte und sogar Maxima aufweisen, die auch beim weiteren Aufquellenlassen der Fasern in LiOH-Lösungen bis q = 6 nicht verschwinden.Das Auftreten dieser Maxima deutet nicht nur darauf hin, daß die streuende Submikrostruktur bei einigen Reyons eine für Kunstfasern unerwartet große Regelmäßigkeit aufweist, sondern liefert ebenfalls den eindeutigen Beweis, dafür, daß man es bei diesen Objekten bis zu relativ sehr hohen Quellungsgraden mit Interferenzerscheinungen zwischen der von den einzelnen Partikeln gestreuten Strahlung zu tun hat und daß also eine Auswertung nach Guiniers Methode für verdünnte Systeme bei diesen Objekten (auch in denjenigen Fällen, wo ihre Intensitätskurven keine Singularitäten zeigen) nicht angängig ist. Damit dürfte eine alte Streitfrage in der Literatur, insbesondere die zwischen Hosemann und Kratky zugunsten des zuletzgenannten, entschieden sein.Eine Auswertung der Aufnahme auf Basis des von Kratky und Porod für Cellulose fasern theoretisch untersuchten Modellsystems der Lamellenpakete ergibt eine mittlere Periode (Lamellenabstand) von 30-40 Å für die lufttrockenen und eine von 50-75 Å für die in Wasser gequollenen Fasern (110 Å für gequollene Ramie).Die Kratky-Porodsche Theorie zeigt klar, daß relativ geringe Änderungen in der mittleren Schwankung der Vorhandenen Periodizität bestimmen, ob die Intensitätskurven Singularitäten, wie Maxima und Biegepunkte, oder bloß einen monoton absteigenden Verlauf zeigen werden. Die beobachteten bedeutenden qualitativen Unterschiede in den Streukurven verschiedener Reyonarten könnten darnach auf relativ geringfügige Unterschiede in der Regelmäßigkeit ihrer Superstruktur zurückgeführt werden.Durch milde Säurebehandlung (heterogene Hydrolyse) kann die Regelmäßigkeit der Superstruktur der Reyonfasern parallel mit der dabei bekanntlich auftretenden Verbesserung der Kristallinität erhöht werden und werden bei einigen Fasern außerordentlich scharfe Kleinwinkelmaxima erhalten.Die Erscheinungen deuten darauf hin, daß die in den Cellulosefasern in der Form Kristalliner Bereiche vorliegenden lokalen Verdichtungen nicht nur eine überraschende Gleichmäßigkeit in der Größe und Anordnung aufweisen, sondern auch ziemlich scharf begrenzt sein müssen und daß nicht etwa - wie oft diskutiert - ganz verschwommene Übergänge zwischen kristalliner und nicht-kristalliner Substanz vorliegen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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