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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (5)
  • China  (2)
  • Paper  (2)
  • Radial-arm maze  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative merits of polystyrene foam and paper in hot drink cups: Implications for packaging (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental management 15 (1991), S. 731-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Polystyrene foam ; Paper ; Packaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the overall relative merits of the use of uncoated paper vs molded polystyrene bead foam in single-use 8-oz cups is described here as a manageable example of the use of paper vs plastics in packaging. In raw material requirements the paper cup required about 2.5 times its finished weight of raw wood and about the same hydrocarbon fueling requirement as is needed for the polystyrene foam cup. To process the raw materials about six times as much steam, 13 times as much electric power, and twice as much cooling water are consumed to produce the paper cup as compared to the polystyrene foam cup. Emission rates to air are similar and to water are generally higher for the paper cup. Virtually all primary use factors favor polystyrene foam over paper. Once used both cup types may be recycled. Landfill disposal of the two items under dry conditions will occupy similar landfill volumes after compaction and will confer similarly slow to nonexistent decomposition to either option. Under wet conditions polystyrene foam will not readily degrade, but may help other materials to do so. Paper under wet conditions will biodegrade to produce methane, a significant greenhouse gas, biochemical oxygen demand to any leachate, and instability to the land surface during the process. Both materials can be incinerated cleanly in a municipal waste stream with the option of energy recovery, to yield an ash volume of 2%–5% of the incoming waste volume. Overall this analysis would suggest that polystyrene foam, with an extension to plastics in general, should be given more evenhanded consideration relative to paper in packaging applications than is currently the case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394812
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reusable and disposable cups: An energy-based evaluation (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 889-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: China ; Glass ; Hard plastic ; Paper ; Polystyrene foam cups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A group of five different types of reusable and disposable hot drink cups have been analyzed in detail with respect to their overall energy costs during fabrication and use. Electricity generating methods and efficiencies have been found to be key factors in the primary energy consumption for the washing of reusable cups and a less important factor in cup fabrication. In Canada or the United States, over 500 or more use cycles, reusable cups are found to have about the same or slightly more energy consumption, use for use, as moulded polystyrene foam cups used once and then discarded. For the same area paper cups used once and discarded are found to consume less fossil fuel energy per use than any of the other cup types examined. Details of this analysis, which could facilitate the comparative assessment of other scenarios, are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393618
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic or intrahippocampal cannabinoid administration impairs spatial memory in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 119 (1995), S. 282-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Radial-arm maze ; Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) ; CP-55,940 ; WIN-55,212-2 ; Anandamide ; Cannabidiol ; Hippocampus ; Antinociception ; Catalepsy ; Rectal temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the disruptive effects of cannabinoids on working memory as assessed in the eight-arm radial-maze. Systemic administration of Δ9-THC, WIN-55,212-2, and CP-55,940 increased the number of errors committed in the radial-maze. CP-55,940 was the most potent cannabinoid in impairing memory (ED50=0.13 mg/kg). Δ9-THC and WIN-55,212-2 disrupted mazechoice accuracy at equipotent doses (ED50 values =2.1 and 2.2 mg/kg, respectively). In addition, systemic administration of each of these agents retarded completion time. Whereas the doses of Δ9-THC and CP-55,940 required to retard maze performance were higher than those needed to increase error numbers, WIN-55,212-2 was equipotent in both of these measures. On the other hand, neither anandamide, the putative endogenous cannabinoid ligand, nor cannabidiol, an inactive naturally occurring cannabinoid, had any apparent effects on memory. A second aim of this study was to elucidate the neuroanatomical substrates mediating the disruptive effects of cannabinoids on memory. Intrahippocampal injections of CP-55,940 impaired maze performance in a dose-dependent manner (ED50=8 µg/rat), but did not retard the amount of time required to complete the maze. The effects of intrahippocampal CP-55,940 were apparently specific to cognition because no other cannabinoid pharmacological effects (e.g., antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy) were detected. This dissociation between choice accuracy in the radial-maze and other cannabinoid pharmacological effects suggests that the working memory deficits produced by cannabinoids may be mediated by cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246292
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol impairs spatial memory through a cannabinoid receptor mechanism (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 126 (1996), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Radial-arm maze ; Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) ; Scopolamine ; Physostigmine ; SR141716A ; Cannabinoid antagonist ; Working memory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the cannabinoid and cholinergic systems impair working memory through a common mechanism. This hypothesis was tested by examining whether the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A would ameliorate radial-arm performance deficits caused by either the naturally occurring cannabinoid, Δ9-THC, or scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist. In addition, we evaluated whether the cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, would prevent Δ9-THC-induced impairment of spatial memory. Finally, because the locomotor suppressive effects of cannabinoids may decrease radial arm choice accuracy independent of a direct effect on memory, we examined the impact of increasing the intertrial error on radial arm choice accuracy. As previously reported, Δ9-THC impaired maze performance (ED50=3.0 mg/kg). Increasing the intertrial interval from 5 s to 30 s resulted in a three-fold increase in the amount of time required to complete the maze without affecting choice accuracy. Importantly, SR141716A prevented Δ9-THC-induced deficits in radial-arm choice accuracy in a dose-dependent manner (AD50=2.4 mg/kg); however, the cannabinoid antagonist failed to improve the disruptive effects of scopolamine. Conversely, physostigmine failed to improve performance deficits produced by Δ9-THC. These data provide strong evidence that Δ9-THC impairs working memory through direct action at cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, these results suggest that scopolamine and Δ9-THC do not impair spatial memory in a common serial pathway, though they may converge on a third neurochemical system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246347
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Family support, financial needs, and health care needs of rural elderly in China: A field study (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of cross-cultural gerontology 14 (1999), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0719
    Keywords: China ; Family support ; Financial needs ; Health care needs ; Rural elderly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined family support, financial needs, and health care needs of 100 elderly persons in a rural county in China. Data revealed that immediate family members helped elderly persons with activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and that adult children also provided financial assistance to most of the elderly. However, only eight percent of the elderly persons reported that they had adequate financial resources. In the four villages surveyed, collective health care systems had collapsed in the early 1980's. Due to high costs of health care and the absence of government support, almost two thirds of the elderly persons had unmet needs for health care. In addition, elderly persons who reported poor health were more likely to have unmet financial and health care needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006607707655
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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