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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (19)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (15)
  • Trichloroethylene  (4)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (19)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 33 (1975), S. 173-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Trichloroethylene ; Ethyl Alcohol ; Alcohol Intolerance ; Mixed-Function Oxidases ; Alcohol Dehydrogenase ; Triohloräthylen ; Äthylalkohol ; Alkoholunverträglichkeit ; Mischfunktionelle Oxygenasen ; Alkoholdehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Freiwillige Versuchspersonen inhalieren 6 Std pro Tag an 5 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen eine gleichbleibende Konzentration von SOppm Trichloräthylen (Tri). Gleichzeitige Äthanol-(Ät-OH)-Einnahme (Blutspiegel 0,6 ‰) hemmt die Metabolisierung von Tri zu Trichloräthanol (TCE) und Trichloressigsäure (TCA) durchschnittlich um 40%. Solange ÄtOH gegenwärtig ist, findet keine Oxidation von Tri zu TCA statt. Während dieser Zeit erreicht Tri im Blut die 21/2fache, in der Ausatmungsluft die 4fache Konzentration, verglichen mit der Tri-Inhalation ohne ÄtOH. Die Glucuronidierung von TCE ist nicht meßbar eingeschränkt. Die ÄtOH- und Acetaldehydspiegel liegen bei gleichzeitiger TriInhalation geringfügig über den Kontrollwerten ohne Tri. Die Mechanismen der wechselseitigen Hemmung von mischfunktionellen Oxygenasen und Aldehyddehydrogenase bei gleichzeitiger Aufnahme von Tri und ÄtOH werden diskutiert. Die Unverträglichkeitsreaktion, die bei kombinierter Exposition gegenüber Tri und ÄtOH auftritt, kann als Anstau von Tri im ZNS als Folge der vollkommen unterbundenen Tri-Oxidation gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Volunteers inhaled a constant concentration of 50 ppm trichloroethylene (Tri) for 6 hrs per day on 5 consecutive days. Simultaneous ethanol (EtOH) ingestion (blood level 0.6 %.) inhibits the metabolization of Tri to triehloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) by 40 % on the average. Oxidation of Tri to TCA does not occur as long as EtOH is present. During this time period the blood Tri-concentration increases 21/2-fold, that in the expired air rising 4-fold, as compared to Tri inhalation without EtOH. TCE glucuronidation is not subject to inhibition. On concurrent inhalation of Tri, the EtOH and acetaldehyde levels are slightly increased over the control values without Tri. The mechanisms underlying the alternate inhibition of mixed-function oxygenases and aldehyde dehydrogenase on simultaneous intake of Tri and EtOH are discussed. The intolerance reaction occurring on combined exposure to Tri and EtOH can be interpreted as an accumulation of Tri in the CNS resulting from the complete depression of Tri oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 32 (1974), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Trichloroethylene ; Trichloroethanol ; Trichloroacetic Acid ; Chloral Hydrate ; Metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics ; Trichloräthylen ; Trichloräthanol ; Trichloressigsäure ; Chloralhydrat ; Metabolismus ; Pharmakokinetik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Metaboliten von Trichloräthylen (Tri), Chloralhydrat (Chl), Trichloräthanol (TCE) und Trichloressigsäure (TCA) werden an Probanden verabfolgt und ihre Pharmakokinetik in Blut und Harn verfolgt. Chl wird anfänglich sehr schnell zu TCA oxidiert (ca. 50%), danach folgt eine langsame, über 30 Std anhaltende Nachbildung. Auch aus TCE wird langanhaltend TCA gebildet. Nach Aufnahme von Tri, Chl oder TCE sind die Halbwertzeiten von TCE identisch (ca. 12 Std), die von TCA aber sehr verschieden: am längsten ist diese nach Tri (ca. 100 Std), geringer nach Chl und TCE (ca. 65 Std), am kürzesten nach TCA selbst (50 Std). Diese Befunde weisen auf eine Speicherung sowohl von Tri als auch von TCE im Gewebe mit langsamem Ausstrom. Stets werden weniger als 50% der aufgenommenen Dosen als Metaboliten wiedergefunden; es muß daher noch andere Eliminationswege geben, Chloroform nimmt nur einen unbedeutenden Anteil ein. Tri wird in der Praxis in Mengen inhaliert, die von Stunde zu Stunde und von Tag zu Tag stark sehwanken. Da die Pharmakokinetik von TCE und TCA völlig unterschiedlich ist, ist es nicht gestattet, aus der Menge des im Harn ausgeschiedenen TCE und/oder TCA auf eine stattgehabte Tri-Exponierung zurückzurechnen.
    Notes: Abstract Trichloroethylene (Tri) metabolites, i.e. chloral hydrate (Chl), trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), were administered to volunteers to determine the pharmacokinetic activity in the blood and urine. Immediate oxidation of Chl to TCA amounting to approx. 50% was followed by slow subsequent formation of TCA persisting for 30 h. TCA was also formed from TCE over a prolonged interval. After incorporation of Tri, Chl, or TCE, identical half-lives were found for TCE (approx. 12 h), while the TCA half-lives differed greatly, being most prolonged after Tri (approx. 100 h), somewhat lowered after Chl and TCE (approx. 65 h), and shortest after TCA (50 h). The reported findings indicate storage of both Tri and TCE in the tissues from which they are slowly released. As metabolite recovery invariably accounts for less than 50% of the doses ingested, it is suggested that additional pathways of elimination must be operative, chloroform constituting only a minor portion. During industrial operations the degree of Tri inhalation varies considerably from one hour to the next and from day to day. Due to the completely different pharmacokinetic behavior of TCE and TCA, it is not permissible to evaluate previous exposure to Tri on the basis of the urinary TCE and/or TCA excretion.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 29 (1972), S. 171-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Trichloroethylene ; Trichloroethanol ; Trichloroacetic Acid ; Chloral Hydrate ; Trichloräthylen ; Trichloräthanol ; Trichloressigsäure ; Chloralhydrat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei Gruppen von je 5 bis 6 freiwilligen Versuchspersonen inhalierten analytisch kontrollierte Trichloräthylenkonzentrationen, 6 Std täglich an 5 aufeinanderfolgenden Wochentagen, in den Versuchsserien: (a) 50 ppm gleichbleibend; (b) 250 ppm 12 min/Std (hohe Spitzenkonzentrationen beim Durchschnitt von 50 ppm); und (c) 100 ppm gleichbleibend. Die Trichloräthanol-(TCE)Spiegel im Blut wurden 3mal täglich, die TCE und Trichloressigsäure-(TCA)Gehalte im Harn 2mal täglich gaschromatographisch (TCE) bzw. colorimetrisch (TCA) bestimmt. TCE akkumuliert im Blut von Tag zu Tag auf Endwerte von (a) 2,0 μg/ml, (b) 2,5 μg/ml oder (c) 5,0 μg/ml; die Halbwertzeit für TCE im Blut beträgt stets 12 Std. Nach einmaliger Einnahme von 15 mg/kg Chloralhydrat (normale hypnotische Dosis) erreichte TCE im Blut in 1 Std ca. 7 μg/ml, die Eliminationscharakteristik ist mit derjenigen nach Tri-Inhalation identisch. Der nach 100 ppm Tri erreichte TCE-Maximalwert entspricht dem bei Chloralhydrateinnahme in 2 bis 2 1/2 Std erreichten. Solche TCE-Spiegel sind nach Literaturangaben in Vigilanztests leistungsmindernd. Die Bildung und Akkumulation von TCE ist wahrscheinlich die Ursache des „psycho-organischen Syndroms”, das bei in Tri-Atmosphäre beschäftigten Arbeitern beobachtet wird. Die Ausscheidung von TCE und TCA im Harn bei mehrtägigei Tri-Inhalation folgt nicht Gesetzmäßigkeiten, die aus Einzelversuchen (etwa 6 Std-Inhalationen) abgeleitet werden können. Die bisher in der Literatur beschriebenen Verfahren zur Berechnung der Tri-Exposition aus den TCE und/oder TCA-Ausscheidungen bedürfen daher der Revision.
    Notes: Abstract Groups of 5 to 6 volunteers each participated in three experimental series involving inhalation of analytically controlled trichloroethylene concentrations for 6 h daily on 5 successive week days: (a) 50 ppm constant, (b) 250 ppm for 12min/h (high peak concentrations, average 50 ppm); (c) 100 ppm constant. The trichloroethanol (TCE) levels in the blood were determined 3 times daily, the TCE and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) levels in the urine twice daily by means of gas Chromatographic (TCE) and colorimetric (TCA) techniques. It was seen that TCE accumulates in the blood from day to day reaching maximum values of (a) 2.0 μg/ml, (b) 2.5 μg/ml, or (c) 5.0 μg/ml; the half life of TCE in the blood was 12 h in each case. After a single dose of 15 mg/kg chloral hydrate (normal hypnotic dose) TCE reached levels of approx. 7 μg/ml within 1 h; the pattern of elimination was identical to that obtained after Tri inhalation. The maximum TCE value after 100 ppm Tri coincides with that obtained 2 to 2 1/2 h after ingestion of chloral hydrate. There are some data in the literature indicating that such TCE levels reduce the performance ability in vigilance tests. The formation and accumulation of TCE probably is responsible for the “psycho-organic syndrome” encountered during occupational exposure to Tri. On inhalation of Tri for several days the urinary excretion of TCE and TCA does not follow certain rules which may be derived from single experiments (for instance, 6 h-inhalations). It would appear, therefore, that the procedures described in the literature for assessment of Tri exposure on the basis of TCE and/or TCA excretion are subject to revision.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 29 (1972), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Trichloroethylene ; Trichloroethanol ; Trichloroacetic Acid ; Urinary Excretion ; Metabolism ; Trichloräthylen ; Trichloräthanol ; Trichloressigsäure ; Harnausscheidung ; Stoffwechsel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Trichloräthylen (Tri)-Inhalation wird der Metabolit Trichloräthanol (TCE) rasch im Harn ausgeschieden, während Trichloressigsäure (TCA) infolge starker Bindung an Plasmaeiweiß im Organismus akkumuliert. Nach 6 Std-Exposition von 5 Freiwilligen in 50 ppm Tri werden am Ende des 5. Versuchstages 50 μg/ml TCA im Plasma, aber nur 2,3 μg/ml TCE im Blut gefunden. Statt der bisher üblichen Kontrolle TCE + TCA im Harn wird eine gaschromatographische Mikrobestimmung der Metaboliten im Blut als Kriterium stattgehabter Tri-Exponierung vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract After trichloroethylene (Tri) inhalation the metabolite trichloroethanol (TCE) is excreted rapidly in the urine, while trichloroacetic acid (TCA) accumulates in the organism due to a high plasma protein binding rate. After exposure of 5 volunteers to 50 ppm Tri for 6 h, 50 μg/ml TCA is found in the plasma at the end of the 5th exposure day, the amount of TCE present in the blood amounting to not more than 2.3 μg/ml. Instead of the previously used control of TCE + TCA in the urine, it is suggested to determine the metabolites in the blood by means of a gas Chromatographic micro technique which provides a reliable criterion of the preceding Tri exposure.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The radiotracer technique as a means to investigate the corrosion of zirconium, tantalum, and a Ta-40Nb alloy in fluoride containing azeotropic nitric acidZirconium and tantalum as well as the tantalum 40% niobium alloy are of considerable technical importance due to their high corrosion resistance against numerous corrosive media. With respect to corrosion testing in analytically pure azeotropic nitric acid in the temperature range between 20 and 121°C, corrosion rates were determined for zirconium: 7 · 10-6 to 5 · 10-4 mm/y, for tantalum: 10-8 to 4 · 10-6 mm/y, and for the Ta-40Nb alloy: 2 · 10-7 to 8 · 10-6 mm/y [1]. These corrosion rates will be markedly increased by adding small amounts of fluorides or by fluoride impurities.The radiotracer method after neutron activation was applied to determine the corrosion rates in azeotropic fluoride containing nitric acid. Even minute additions of fluorides strongly affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium. In the range between 0.15 and 10 ppm F- and at a temperature of 108°C, corrosion rates between 5.3 · 10-3 and 3.1 mm/y were measured. It was impossible to establish a limit for the fluoride concentration, below which the corrosion rate of zirconium will not be adversely influenced.The corrosion rates of tantalum and the Ta-40Nb alloy are considerably increasing above a fluoride concentration of 10 ppm. The highest corrosion rates measured were between 8.4 · 10-3 mm/y at 50°C/280 ppm F- and 1.4 · 10-2 mm/y at 110°C/320 ppm F-. Within the range of this investigation, the corrosion resistance of tantalum was higher than that of the Ta-40Nb alloy by one order of magnitude.The corrosion resistance of zirconium and tantalum was not influenced by any treatment of the samples before testing.
    Notes: Wegen ihrer hohen Korrosionsbeständigkeit gegenüber zahlreichen Angriffsmitteln sind Zirconium und Tantal sowie die Legierung Tantal-40Niob von großer technischer Bedeutung. Die bisher in azeotroper Salpetersäure p.a. zwischen 20 und 121°C gemessenen Abtragungsraten liegen für Zirconium zwischen 7 · 10-6 und 5 · 10-4 mm/a, für Tantal zwischen 10-8 und 4 · 10-6 mm/a und für die Legierung Ta-40Nb zwischen 2 · 10-7 und 8 · 10-6 mm/a [1]. Diese Abtragungsraten werden durch geringe Fluoridzustände oder -verunreinigungen wesentlich erhöht.Mit der Radiotracermethode nach Neutronenaktivierung wurden die Abtragungsraten in azeotroper, fluoridhaltiger Salpetersäure bestimmt. Zirconium ist schon gegen kleinste Fluoridspuren sehr empfindlich. Im untersuchten Bereich von 0.15 bis 10 ppm F- liegen bei 108°C die Abtragungsraten zwischen 5.3 · 10-3 und 3.1 mm/a. Eine Grenzkonzentration, unterhalb der das Fluorid die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit nicht mehr beeinflußt, kann für Zirconium nicht angegeben werden.Bei Tantal und der Legierung Ta-40Nb nimmt oberhalb einer Grenzkonzentration von 10 ppm F- die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit stark zu. Die höchsten Abtragungsraten liegen zwischen 8.4 · 10-3 mm/a bei 50°C/280 ppm F- und 1.4 · 10-2 mm/a bei 110°C/320 ppm F-. Dabei ist Tantal über den gesamten erfaßten Bereich um etwa das Zehnfache beständiger als die Legierung Ta-40Nb.Sowohl bei Tantal als auch bei Zirconium stellt sich die Abtragungsrate unabhängig von Vorbehandlungen ein.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The application of radiotracer technique for the determination of small corrosion rates of tantalum, a tantalum-niobium-alloy and zirconium in azeotropic nitric acidThe radiotracer technique following neutron activation is a suitable means to measure hitherto hardly detectable, very low corrosion rates. In azeotropic nitric acid, tantalum and the tantalum-40niobium alloy show at 20 to 120°C approximately the same corrosion rates between 0.2 · 10-6 and 8 · 10-6 mm/a; the apparent activation energies are 30 to 40 kJ/mol.In the temperature region from 20 up to 81°C the corrosion rates of zirconium are between 7 · 10-6 and 5 · 10-4 mm/a; the apparent activation energy is 47 kJ/mol.In the case of zirconium, check measurements (analysis of the corrosive medium with AAS and ICP) with non-activated sheet-metal sections resulted in similar corrosion rates.
    Notes: Die Radiotracer-Methode nach Neutronenaktivierung ist geeignet, bisher kaum erfaßbare, sehr geringe Abtragungsraten zu bestimmen. Tantal und die Tantal-40Niob-Lergierung zeigen in azeotroper Salpetersäure bei 22 bis 120°C annähernd gleiche Abtragungsraten von 0,2 · 10-6 bis 8 · 10-6 mm/a; die scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergien betragen 30 bis 40 kJ/mol.Die Abtragungsraten von Zirconium liegen im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 81°C zwischen 7 · 10-6 und 5 · 10-4 mm/a; die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie ergibt sich zu 47 kJ/mol.Im Falle des Zirconiums führten Kontrollmessungen (Analyse des Angriffsmittels mit AAS und ICP) an nicht aktivierten Blechabschnitten zu vergleichbaren Abtragungsraten.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: II-VI compound ; SrS : Ce ; Photoluminescence ; Concentration quenching ; Phosphorescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The luminescence efficiency of SrS: Ce powders in the doping range from 0.01 to 1.0 at.% was investigated by photoluminescence decay studies. The radiative decay time of Ce3+ in SrS was determined to be 27 ns. The onset of concentration quenching at concentrations higher than about 0.7 at.% has been obtained. The photoluminescence spectrum of Ce3+ exhibits two emission bands as a consequence of the ground state splitting. The Huang-Rhys factor of the 5d-4f transition was estimated to be about 6. The inhomogeneous broadening of the emission band of samples with higher doping level has been investigated by site-selective and time-resolved spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 64 (1992), S. 864-865 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A model system was developed to study the influence of the rubber formulation and/or the aging conditions on the adhesion between brass and rubber. The bonding compounds were vulcanized on thin, homogeneous brass layers that had been prepared by sputtering onto special polymeric substrates; some of these compounds were steam-aged under controlled conditions subsequently. After the separation of the polymeric film, combined analytical electron microscopy (transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy; TEM/EDS) and sputter neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) analyses were performed. While the TEM/EDS studies offer a detailed insight into the morphological structure of the interphase, the SNMS depth profiles allow a rapid and reliable differentiation between various rubber formulations. With these model samples the beneficial effect of boric acid esters on the adhesion of cobalt-containing bonding compounds, which is observed in a typical short-term adhesion test after steam-aging, can be explained: boric acid esters act with cobalt salts as corrosion inhibitors for brass, preventing the growth of a thick intermediate ZnO/Zn (OH)2 layer that is the starting point for delaminations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 16 (1990), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Ti5Ta alloy shows interesting corrosion behaviour and is becoming technologically important, e.g. for chemical plant construction. Welding and further mechanical tests gave good mechanical properties. Therefore, the corrosion of this alloy was studied in comparison with the corrosion of unalloyed Ti and Ta. The samples were corroded for up to 24 days in hot 67.5% nitric acid.The resulting surface layers were investigated with SEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray microanalyses (EDX), AES and sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS). Under these conditions, the oxide growth seems to be dependent on the orientation of the crystallites at the surface, which was not observed under milder attack. When Ti5Ta samples were immersed for 5 days in boiling HNO3, the oxide layer was ∼300 nm thick and a particular crack pattern developed on some grains during drying in air at room temperature. This was observed only for oxide layers thicker than 300 nm.After corroding Ti5Ta in boiling HNO3 we observed a TaTi atomic ratio of up to 1:1 using ESCA and up to 5 μm thick Ta oxide-rich scales. The selected area diffraction pattern in the TEM indicates that the oxide film may contain mixed Ti/Ta oxides. The extraordinary Ta oxide enrichment, which is due to the selective dissolution process of Ti, is believed to cause the good corrosion resistance of the alloy. It was not observed after heat treatment in air up to 800 °C or after corrosion tests in HNO3 at room temperature.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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