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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN INSTRUMENT FOR PREDICTING THE OCCURRENCE OF THE P–R INTERVAL OF THE NORMAL HUMAN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (1970)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 7 (1970), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This report describes an instrument which will automatically predict the occurrence of the P–R interval on a beat-to-beat basis. Tests have demonstrated an almost perfect accuracy in older subjects whose beat-to-beat variations are small. The average accuracy with a group of 23 men, 19 of whom were 20-30 years old, was 95% correct prediction. In young women with very large beat-to-beat variations, the average accuracy achieved was 75% correct prediction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02286.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OPERANT CONDITIONING OF HEART RATE SPEEDING (1967)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 3 (1967), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to see if heart rate (HR) speeding could be operantly conditioned. Five experimental Ss and five yoked-control Ss were studied. Experimental Ss were positively reinforced for speeding their HR on a beat-by-beat basis, whereas yoked-control Ss were reinforced in a pattern based on the performance of paired experimental Ss. The data showed that: all Ss learned to speed their HR; some yoked-controls responded with a pattern of response that included increased HR; and the techniques which Ss use to regulate their HR vary widely from one S to another.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02728.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OPERANT CONDITIONING OF HEART RATE SLOWING (1966)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 3 (1966), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to see if heart rate (HR) slowing could be operantly conditioned. Ten experimental Ss and five yoked-control Ss were studied. Experimental Ss were positively reinforced for slowing their HR on a beat-by-beat basis, whereas yoked-control Ss were reinforced in a pattern based on the performance of paired experimental Ss. The data showed that: some Ss can be taught to slow their HR by means of an operant conditioning procedure; Ss appear to learn better when they do not infer correctly what the response is that they are controlling; the conditioned HR response is apparently not mediated by changes in breathing; and reinforcement, per se, is not adequate to lower HR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02693.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hemodynamic and Respiratory Concomitants of Learned Heart Rate Control During Exercise (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 28 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Each of three monkeys was trained to slow its heart, to exercise (lift weights), and to attenuate the tachycardia of exercise by combining these two skills. During all experiments, heart rate, stroke volume, intra-arterial blood pressure, O2 consumption, and CO2 production were recorded on a beat-to-beat basis. All animals reliably attenuated the tachycardia of exercise, indicating that this expression of central command is, at least in part, a learned motor skill. Double-product (heart rate × systolic pressure) was attenuated during combined sessions relative to exercise only sessions, and heart rate was always lower at similar levels of cardiac output, indicating that under the combined conditions, animals were performing with better cardiac efficiency at comparable levels of mechanical effort. Analyses of O2 consumption, CO2 production, and respiratory quotient (the ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption) suggested that the animals also might have been delivering more O2 to their working muscles during combined sessions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00414.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age Differences in the Effect of Epidermal Hydration on Electrodermal Activity (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 16 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The effect of epidermal hydration on skin potential and conductance measurements was investigated in young and old men. The condition of least hydration used a 0.5% KCl glycol electrolyte. Two conditions used a 0.5% aqueous KCl electrolyte differing in that the most hydrated site received a 15-min pretreatment of soaking in distilled water whereas the intermediate hydration site received no pretreatment. These hydration conditions were used in recording three channels of skin potential and three channels of skin conductance during three tasks: 1) tone presentations after rest, 2) simple reaction time, and 3) choice reaction time. There were no significant age differences in the effect of electrolyte on skin conductance level and response. There were age differences in the effect of electrolyte on skin potential level (SPL) and response (SPR). Young adult SPR was monotonically related to hydration with the largest response magnitude occurring with the least hydration. Electrolyte did not significantly affect SPR magnitude of the aged. For the young subjects, SPL was monotonically related to hydration with the most negative SPL occurring with the least hydration. For the aged subjects, the least negative SPL occurred in the condition of least hydration. We postulate that this reversal in the hydration/SPL relationship in old age reflects a reversal in the relative magnitudes of sweat gland and epidermal potentials: in old subjects the epidermal potential is greater than the sweat gland potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02996.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECT OF INCREASES AND DECREASES IN BREATHING RATE ON HEART RATE AND FINGER PULSE VOLUME (1967)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 4 (1967), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Twenty per cent changes in breathing rate (increases and decreases), sustained for 10 min, do not change average heart rate; however, increases in breathing rate tend to decrease the standard deviation of heart rate and decreases in breathing rate tend to increase the standard deviation of heart rate. Neither increases nor decreases in breathing rate abolish sinus arrhythmia.Finger pulse volume is decreased by both increases and decreases in breathing rate. The standard deviation of finger pulse volume is decreased during slow-paced breathing and unchanged during fast-paced breathing. The decrease in finger pulse volume occurs within the first minute during slow-paced breathing; however, during fast-paced breathing the decrease does not occur until about 4 min after the onset of paced breathing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02741.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attenuation of Baroreflexes During Operant Cardiac Conditioning (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 19 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Three monkeys were trained to slow and to speed heart rate on an operant schedule. After the animals were performing highly reliably they received injections of nitroglycerin or phenylephrine to elicit baroreflexes during control periods and during slowing or speeding sessions. The findings were that each animal reliably attenuated its baroreflex sensitivity and thereby avoided shock. Thus, the data showed that under appropriate behavioral conditions homeostatic adjustments of the cardiovascular system are reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02511.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    External Anal Sphincter Response to Rectal Distention: Learned Response or Reflex (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 19 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Three experiments were conducted to determine whether the external anal sphincter contraction which typically follows rectal distention is a reflex or a voluntary response. Experiment I compared 15 chronically constipated patients to 10 normal subjects. A reflex should be reliably elicited by its unconditional stimulus; but if this response is voluntary, chronically constipated patients would be less likely to show it because they have had fewer opportunities to practice it. Only half of chronically constipated patients showed the response compared to 100% of normals. Experiment II investigated whether the response is elicited by rectal distention during sleep in 10 healthy subjects. The response was significantly less likely to occur during sleep. Experiment III in 6 normal subjects revealed that this response can be voluntarily omitted. These experiments indicate that external anal sphincter contraction following rectal distention is a voluntary response, not a reflex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02599.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autonomic Interactions in the Control of Heart Rate in the Monkey (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 16 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Each of 5 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was operantly conditioned to raise and to lower heart rate consistently and reliably. Following such training the animals were tested using autonomic blocking agents (methyl-atropine bromide and 1-propranolol) to characterize the autonomic mechanisms mediating such control. The results were: 1) In the undrugged animal the extent to which it decreases its heart rate over a 2048-sec period is a linear function of the baseline heart rate; 2) A linear relationship between baseline heart rate and heart rate decrease also is present within the first 128 sec; 3) There is a less consistent relationship between baseline heart rate and change in heart rate when animals must increase heart rate; 4) Vagal blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate, primarily by reducing their ability to produce large, relatively rapid increases; 5) Sympathetic blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate both in terms of overall changes and in terms of large, relatively rapid responses; 6) Vagal blockade very significantly attenuates the ability of all animals to slow heart rate; 7) Sympathetic blockade facilitates the ability of most animals to slow heart rate. These findings show that both branches of the autonomic nervous system participate in the operant control of heart rate. The relative role of one branch or the other in a given experiment will depend upon the baseline conditions at the time of testing, and upon the requirements—i.e., raising or lowering of heart rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01516.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of an Intra-Cardiac Limit of Learned Heart Rate Control (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 12 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Operant Conditioning to increase ventricular heart rate (VHR) was carried out in 3 subjects (Ss) with complete heart block. None of the Ss increased VHR consistently, This finding suggests that operant conditioning of VHR is possible only when the conduction path between atria and ventricles is not interrupted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb01297.x
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