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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 116 (1994), S. 2235-2242 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu après l'introduction de la lithotritie par ondes de choc extracorporelles (LOCE) comme modalité thérapeutique nouvelle dans la lithiase biliaire, nous avons commencé une étude randomisée pour évaluer le coûts de la LOCE comparée à la cholécystectomie traditionnelle, le “gold standard”. Pendant cette étude s'étalant sur une période de trois ans, il n'a été possible, cependant, d'inclure que 8.3% seulement (37/488) des patients éventuellement éligibles. Trois facteurs pouvant empêcher le recrutement ont pu être identifiés. Premièrement, un nombre limité de patients éligibles pour la LOCE (et donc pour l'étude), fait imprévisible selon les données de la littérature, deuxièmement, l'introduction de la cholécystectomie par coelioscopie et son retentissement sur l'aspect thérapeutique de la lithiase, et troisièmement, la préférence du patient, refusant la randomisation dans un bon nombre de cas. On conclue qu'il n'est pas toujours aussi facile de conduire une étude randomisée en chirurgie, en raison des circonstances imprévues. Entrer des patients dans un essai est très difficile dans des domaines qui évoluent vite, tel que le traitement de la lithiase biliaire. Obtenir le consentement éclairé est également difficile lorsque les modalités thérapeutiques sont très divergentes. Il est probable que la réalisation d'une étude randomisée et contrôlée sur les effects de la cholécystectomie coelioscopique ne verra jamais le jour.
    Abstract: Resumen Al poco tiempo de la introducción de la litotricia extracorpórea (LEC) como un promisoria y novel modalidad terapéutica para la enfermedad litiásica biliar, se realizó un estudio randomizado para evaluar la efectividad en cuanto a costo en comparación con la colecistectomía abierta, que es el “patrón oro”. Se encontró que en los 3 años del período de ingreso de pacientes al estudio, sólo 8.3% (36=7/448) de los pacientes pudieron ser ingresados, habiéndose identificado tres que interfirieron con el reclutamiento. Primero, la restringida elegibilidad para LEC (y por consiguiente para el estudio), lo cual no era predecible con base en la información de la literatura. Segundo, la introducción de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Tercero, una fuerte preferencia por parte del paciente, lo cual inhibía la randomización. Ninguno de estos mecanismos podía ser prevìsto durante la fase de diseño del estudio. La conclusión es que no siempre es factible conducir estudios randomizados en el campo de la cirugía, debido a circunstancias imprevistas. Ingresar pacientes a ensayos clínicos en cirugía es difícil cuando se trata de campos de rápida evolución, como lo es del manejo de la colelitiasis. También es difícil lograr el consentimiento informado cuando las características de las formas de tratamiento son muy divergentes. Es por ello, que posiblemente nunca se hará un estudio randomizado sobre los efectos de la colecistectomía laparoscópica.
    Notes: Abstract Shortly after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was introduced as a promising new treatment modality for gallstone disease, a randomized controlled study was performed to assess the cost-effectiveness of ESWL compared to open cholecystectomy, the gold standard. During the performance of this study it was found that during a 3-year intake period only 8.3% (37 of 448) of the patients could be entered into the trial. Three factors were identified that hampered patient accrual: (1) restricted eligibility for ESWL (and thus for the study), which could not have been predicted on the data provided in the literature; (2) the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; and (3) strong patient preference, inhibiting randomization. All three mechanisms could not have been predicted during the design phase of the study. It is concluded that it is not always feasible to conduct a randomized study in surgery due to unforeseen circumstances. Entering patients into surgical trials is difficult in quickly evolving fields of surgery, such as the management of gallstone disease. Acquiring informed consent is also difficult when treatment characteristics are divergent. A randomized controlled study on the effects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy will therefore probably nerver be performed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Interleukin-6 ; Sleep-wake cycle ; Sleep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; pharmacokinetics ; insulin absorption ; metabolic control ; skin temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcutaneous insulin absorption kinetics were assessed in 50 healthy study subjects (21 female, 29 male; age 26±3 years, BMI 22.5±1.8 kg/m2; mean±SD) during 45 min after periumbilical injection of soluble human U40- or U100-insulin (0.15 IU/kg). Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured by ultrasound, and skin temperature at the injection site was registered. Serum insulin concentrations increased within 30 min from basal values of 37±15 to 140±46 pmol/l after U40-insulin and from 36±10 to 116±37 pmol/l after U100-insulin (p〈0.001). After 45 min serum insulin concentrations were 164±43 pmol/l with U40-insulin and 128±35 pmol/l with U100-insulin (p〈0.001). Decline in blood glucose levels and suppression of C-peptide were comparable. The serum insulin levels reached 30 and 45 min after U40- and U100-insulin injection were positively correlated with skin temperature (p〈0.0008), and negatively correlated with subcutaneous fat thickness (p〈0.009). In conclusion, the lower insulin concentration of U40-insulin, higher skin temperature, and a thinner subcutaneous fat tissue at the injection site are associated with accelerated and enhanced subcutaneous insulin absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Diabetes mellitus, pharmacokinetics, insulin absorption, metabolic control, skin temperature.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcutaneous insulin absorption kinetics were assessed in 50 healthy study subjects (21 female, 29 male; age 26±3 years, BMI 22.5±1.8 kg/m2; mean ± SD) during 45 min after periumbilical injection of soluble human U40- or U100-insulin (0.15 IU/kg). Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured by ultrasound, and skin temperature at the injection site was registered. Serum insulin concentrations increased within 30 min from basal values of 37±15 to 140±46 pmol/l after U40-insulin and from 36±10 to 116±37 pmol/l after U100-insulin (p〈0.001). After 45 min serum insulin concentrations were 164±43 pmol/l with U40-insulin and 128±35 pmol/l with U100-insulin (p〈0.001). Decline in blood glucose levels and suppression of C-peptide were comparable. The serum insulin levels reached 30 and 45 min after U40- and U100-insulin injection were positively correlated with skin temperature (p〈0.0008), and negatively correlated with subcutaneous fat thickness (p〈0.009). In conclusion, the lower insulin concentration of U40-insulin, higher skin temperature, and a thinner subcutaneous fat tissue at the injection site are associated with accelerated and enhanced subcutaneous insulin absorption. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 377–380]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Glibenclamide, glyburide, sulphonylurea compounds, AG-EE 623 ZW, dose-response, time-action profiles, pharmacokinetics, glucose clamp technique.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin and glucose responses to glibenclamide were studied in comparison to a novel non-sulphonylurea drug (AG) by means of the euglycaemic clamp technique. Nine fasting male subjects were connected to a Biostator and 1.75, 3.5 or 7.0 mg glibenclamide or 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg AG were given and blood glucose concentrations were clamped at 10 % below basal values. Glucose infusion rates were registered over 10 h after administration of the tablet. Maximal glucose infusion rates after glibenclamide were 40 % higher compared to AG (1.75 vs 1.0 mg, 3.5 vs 2.0 mg, 7.0 vs 4.0 mg, respectively) and were reached after 3–3.5 h for all doses. After glibenclamide, area under the glucose infusion curves and maximal incremental serum insulin responses were higher by 25–40 % and by 30 % compared to AG when low, medium and high doses of each drug were tested. However, a linear dose relationship was obtained for both drugs when the glucose infusion rate was plotted against the area under the insulin curve. In fact, both drugs were equipotent on a molecular weight basis. The hypoglycaemic index of both drugs (integrated glucose infusion rate divided by integrated insulin release) expressed per µmol of drug revealed a dose-dependent and parallel inverse curvilinear relation to increasing doses. This methodological approach allowed us to quantify and compare the metabolic effects of oral hypoglycaemic agents under standardised experimental conditions. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 703–707]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glibenclamide ; glyburide ; sulphonylurea ; compounds ; AG-EE 623 ZW ; dose-response ; time-action profiles ; pharmacokinetics ; glucose clamp technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin and glucose responses to glibenclamide were studied in comparison to a novel non-sulphonylurea drug (AG) by means of the euglycaemic clamp technique. Nine fasting male subjects were connected to a Biostator and 1.75, 3.5 or 7.0 mg glibenclamide or 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg AG were given and blood glucose concentrations were clamped at 10% below basal values. Glucose infusion rates were registered over 10 h after administration of the tablet. Maximal glucose infusion rates after glibenclamide were 40% higher compared to AG (1.75 vs 1.0 mg, 3.5 vs 2.0 mg, 7.0 vs 4.0 mg, respectively) and were reached after 3–3.5 h for all doses. After glibenclamide, area under the glucose infusion curves and maximal incremental serum insulin responses were higher by 25–40% and by 30% compared to AG when low, medium and high doses of each drug were tested. However, a linear dose relationship was obtained for both drugs when the glucose infusion rate was plotted against the area under the insulin curve. In fact, both drugs were equipotent on a molecular weight basis. The hypoglycaemic index of both drugs (integrated glucose infusion rate divided by integrated insulin release) expressed per μmol of drug revealed a dose-dependent and parallel inverse curvilinear relation to increasing doses. This methodological approach allowed us to quantify and compare the metabolic effects of oral hypoglycaemic agents under standardised experimental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Insulin therapy, diabetes education, hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, hospitalisation, blood glucose monitoring, urine glucose monitoring, cost-benefit-analysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a prospective controlled trial the effects of a 5-day in-patient treatment and teaching programme for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus on metabolic control and health care costs were studied in Moscow. Two different intervention programmes were compared, one based upon urine glucose self-monitoring (UGSM, n =61) and one using blood glucose self-monitoring (BGSM, n =60). Follow-up was 2 years. A control group (n =60) continued the standard treatment of the Moscow diabetes centre and was followed-up for 1 year. Costs and benefits with respect to hospitalizations and lost productivity (according to average wage) were measured in November 1992 roubles (Rb.), with respect to imported drugs and test strips in 1992 German marks (DM). In the intervention groups there were significant decreases of HbA1 values [UGSM: 12.5 % before, 9.4 % after 1 year, 9.2 % after 2 years (p〈0.0001); BGSM: 12.6 % before, 9.3 % after 1 year, 9.2 % after 2 years (p〈0.0001) compared to no change in the control group (12.2 % before, 12,3 % after 1 year)], and of the frequency of ketoacidosis. The frequency of severe hypoglycaemia was comparable between the UGSM (10 cases during 2 years), BGSM (10 cases during 2 years), and the control group (8 cases during 1 year). In the combined intervention groups, there were significant decreases of hospital days per patient per year (12.1 during the year before, 1.0 year one after, 3.6 year two after, p〈0.005), and of additional sick leave days (16.6 during the year before, 2.4 year one, 7.8 year two after, p〈0.01), whereas these parameters remained unchanged in the control group. The initial costs of the intervention were outweighed by this subsequent reduction in hospitalizations and lost productivity. Net savings totalled up to 14 400 Rb./patient within 2 years. Patients of the intervention groups were told to discontinue drugs which were not indicated and/or ineffective (clofibrate, pentoxifylline, calcium dobesilate). This caused estimated average savings of DM 240 per patient per year. Costs of test strips for UGSM were DM 180 per patient per year; for BGSM they were estimated to lie between DM 370 and DM 550 per patient per year, depending on the frequency of measurements. In conclusion, the intervention led to an improvement of metabolic control and saved resources for health care by reducing hospitalizations and sick leave days. When UGSM is used, costs of test strips are approximately outweighed by discontinuing ineffective drugs. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 170–176]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words: Liposomes – Alkylphosphocholine – Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Hexadecylphosphocholine (HePC) shows remarkable antineoplastic efficacy in Sprague-Dawley rats bearing methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinoma. Unfortunately, this is accompanied by detrimental side effects that include gastrointestinal damage, body weight loss, and thrombophlebitis after i. v. injection, which has precluded the use of the HePC in humans, where nausea and vomiting can occur at noneffective dose levels. We have developed small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) composed of HePC, cholesterol, and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol, which can be given p. o. and i. v. In contrast to the free drug, the toxicity of liposomal HePC is shown to be greatly reduced, and there is no risk of thrombophlebitis. Single administration of equimolar HePC doses results in differing pharmacokinetic values for free HePC (p. o.) and HePC-SUVs (p. o., i. v.).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Liposomes ; Alkylphosphocholine ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hexadecylphosphocholine (HePC) shows remarkable antineoplastic efficacy in Sprague-Dawley rats bearing methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinoma. Unfortunately, this is accompanied by detrimental side effects that include gastrointestinal damage, body weight loss, and thrombophlebitis after i.v. injection, which has precluded the use of the HePC in humans, where nausea and vomiting can occur at noneffective dose levels. We have developed small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) composed of HePC, cholesterol, and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol, which can be given p. o. and i.v. In contrast to the free drug, the toxicity of liposomal HePC is shown to be greatly reduced, and there is no risk of thrombophlebitis. Single administration of equimolar HePC doses results in differing pharmacokinetic values for free HePC (p. o.) and HePC-SUVs (p. o., i.v.).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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