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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of effective dipole and monopole moments of magnetic force microscopy tips (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 3410-3417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present experimental results on the characterization of commercially available magnetic force microscopy (MFM) thin film tips as a function of an external magnetic field. Well defined magnetic stray fields are produced using current carrying rings with radii ranging between 603 and 2369 nm fabricated by electron-beam lithography directly imaged by MFM. Treating the MFM tip as a point probe, the analysis of the image contrast as a function of both the magnetic stray field and the lift height allows for a quantitative determination of effective magnetic dipole and monopole moments of the tip as well as their imaginary location within the real physical tip. Our systematic study gives a quantitative relationship on how absolute values of the magnetic dipole and monopole moments and their location within the tip depend on a characteristic decay length of the z component of the magnetic field being detected. From this we can estimate the effective tip volume of the real physical thin film tip relevant in MFM imaging. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371222
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ease of wound closure as an endpoint of treatment efficacy (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Wound repair and regeneration 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1524-475X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: New treatments for chronic wounds require carefully performed clinical trials with significant endpoints. Total wound closure is the only endpoint currently accepted by the Food and Drug Administration. This study describes a scale that measures ease of wound closure and applies it to a four-arm prospectively randomized, blinded pressure ulcer trial of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Following validation of interrater reliability, 83 evaluable subjects' photographs were given a weekly ease of closure score by four raters blinded to treatment. The change of ease of closure score was correlated with the change of wound area and volume. Each ease of closure score was given a procedural cost. Results showed ease of closure did not directly correlate with either wound area or volume, suggesting that it was measuring additional information. The mean change in ease of closure score was 6 for subjects treated with 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB daily; 5 for those treated with 300 μg growth factor daily or 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB bid; and 4 for those treated with placebo. The cost savings ranged from $7200 for the group receiving 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB daily to $6300 for the controls. Outcomes in all 4 groups were significantly improved from their starting evaluation (p 〈 0.001). Based on this study, ease of closure is a verifiable endpoint that can be related to cost efficiency and may be a measure of efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1999.00090.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fabrication of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 1753-1757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the fabrication of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures designed as possible candidates for a future application in magnetic data storage technology. The nanostructures are prepared on glass substrates by electron beam evaporation of Fe or Co onto photoresist masks, which are periodically patterned using optical interference lithography with an Ar+ laser (λ=457.8 nm) in combination with subsequent selective etching. We present our first results on the fabrication of periodic arrays of isolated magnetic dots with an average diameter of 600 nm and periodicity of 900 nm over areas of 5 cm2. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366895
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexity and Algorithms for Graph and Hypergraph Sandwich Problems (1998)
    Springer
    Graphs and combinatorics 14 (1998), S. 223-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5914
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  The ℱ Hypergraph Sandwich Problem (ℱHSP) is introduced here as follows: Given two hypergraphs H 1=(X,ℰ1) and H 2=(X,ℰ2) where ℰ1={E 1 1,…,E m 1}, ℰ2={E 1 2,…,E m 2} and E i 1⊆E i 2 for all 1≤i≤m, is there a hypergraph H=(X,ℰ) with ℰ={E 1,…,E m } such that E i 1⊆E i ⊆E i 2 for all 1≤i≤m which belongs to a specified hypergraph family ℱ? Hypergraph sandwich problems for several properties studied here occur in a variety of important applications.  We prove the NP-completeness of the Interval HSP and the Circular-arc HSP. This corresponds to the problem of deciding whether a partially specified (0,1)-valued matrix can be filled in such that the resulting 0/1 matrix has the consecutive ones property, (resp., circular ones property). The consecutive ones property arises in databases and in DNA physical mapping. Further results shown are a set of conditions relating interval hypergraphs with acyclic hypergraphs.  Finally, the k-tree graph sandwich problem is studied. The general problem is shown to be NP-complete and the fixed k version is given a polynomial algorithm. Both problems are based on solutions to the corresponding partial k-tree recognition problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003730050028
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of atomic order on [110] phonon softening [4] and displacive phase transition in Invar alloys (1999)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 10 (1999), S. 641-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion - 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions - 65.40.+g Heat capacities of solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: The acoustic phonon dispersions of two Invar crystals , one ordered with the ( ) structure, the other disordered fcc, have been investigated between 3.4 K and 470 K by inelastic and elastic neutron scattering. For the ordered crystal, pronounced softening of the whole phonon branch is observed on cooling below the Curie temperature. Particularly strong phonon softening at the M-point zone boundary of the structure leads to a displacive, antiferrodistortive phase transition at low temperatures. For the disordered crystal, much weaker softening of the phonons is observed and restricted to the region near the Brillouin zone center, where increasing elastic scattering with decreasing temperature indicates the growth of local tetragonal strain. This strain is considered as a typical precursor of the transformation to bct martensite. Specific heat measurements, performed at low temperatures on both crystals confirm the neutron scattering results and reveal considerable enhancement of the low energy phonon density of states in the ordered crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050896
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource Bounded Belief Revision (1999)
    Springer
    Erkenntnis 50 (1999), S. 429-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8420
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The AGM paradigm for belief revision provides a very elegant and powerful framework for reasoning about idealized agents. The paradigm assumes that the modeled agent is a perfect reasoner with infinite memory. In this paper we propose a framework to reason about non-ideal agents that generalizes the AGM paradigm. We first introduce a structure to represent an agent's belief states that distinguishes different status of beliefs according to whether or not they are explicitly represented, whether they are currently active and whether they are fully accepted or provisional. Then we define a set of basic operations that change the status of beliefs and show how these operations can be used to model agents with different capacities. We also show how different operations of belief change described in the literature can be seen as special cases of our theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005565603303
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exact groups and continuous bundles of C*-algebras (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 315 (1999), S. 169-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Keywords: Mathematics Subject Classification (1991):46L55, 46L06, 22D25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002080050364
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct Writing of Metallic Nanostructures by Means of Metal Colloids (1998)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 287-288 (Aug. 1998), p. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/03/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.287-288.413.pdf
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Funktionsdiagnostik zentraler Atemwegsstenosen (1999)
    Springer
    HNO 47 (1999), S. 947-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Stenosen der oberen Atemwege ; Lokaler Widerstand ; Körperliche Belastung ; Key words Upper airway stenoses ; Local resistance ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In benign laryngotracheal stenosis the amount of respiratory deterioration rather than the crude morphologic appearance will determine whether or not surgical measures such as dilatation or resection should be applied. This review focusses on currently available and newly developed diagnostic tools to assess the functional importance of central airway obstruction. After an outline of upper airway physiology is formulated, spirometric measurements at rest are collected. Among these, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEF) proved to be the simplest and most reliable parameter to monitor an obstructing lesion of the upper airways. A novel technique for fibrobronchoscopic assessment of glottic and tracheal resistance is presented in detail. In contrast to usual tests of total airflow resistance which cannot distinguish between central and peripheral contributions, this test identifies the pressure-flow-relationship created exclusively by the local lesion. In serial stenoses, it indicates which is of higher clinical impact. Patients with upper airway obstruction complain of impaired exercise capacity. They tend to hypoventilate with imminent respiratory muscle fatigue. Therefore, spiroergometry may play a role in defining the point of incomplete compensation of a central load. The decision to operate will depend upon up the degree of physical capacity required to compensate for the stenosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der benignen laryngotrachealen Stenose entscheidet der Grad der Atembehinderung und nicht die Morphologie und Geometrie der Läsion über das bevorzugte operative oder konservative Procedere. Dieser Überblick beschäftigt sich mit konventionellen und neuentwickelten diagnostischen Möglichkeiten zur Sicherung der funktionellen Relevanz zentraler Atemwegshindernisse. Die Physiologie der oberen Atemwege wird skizziert. Die Parameter der spirometrischen Messungen werden noch einmal kurz abgehandelt. Unter diesen ist der exspiratorische Spitzenfluß (PEF) immer noch der am einfachsten zu erhebende und zuverlässigste Wert, um eine obstruierende Veränderung der oberen Atemwege zu kontrollieren. Eine neu entwickelte fiberbronchoskopische Technik zur lokalen Messung der durch Glottis- oder Trachealstenosen verursachten Widerstandserhöhung wird vorgestellt. Sie unterscheidet sich von üblichen Verfahren zur Erfassung des totalen Atemwegswiderstands darin, daß sie die zentralen Anteile der Druck-Fluß-Beziehung isoliert. Serielle Stenosen können einzeln ausgemessen und so in ihrer funktionellen Bedeutung gewichtet werden. Patienten mit einer Einengung der oberen Atemwege klagen unabhängig vom morphologischen Ausmaß der Stenose über eine mehr oder weniger eingeschränkte Belastbarkeit. Sie neigen unter körperlicher Anstrengung zur Hypoventilation. Dieser Punkt des unvollständig kompensierten zentralen Widerstands kann mithilfe der Spiroergometrie bestimmt werden. Er signalisiert möglicherweise die bevorstehende Ermüdung der Atemmuskulatur. In Zukunft wird die Operationsentscheidung auch an die Frage gebunden werden müssen, ob und bis zu welcher körperlichen Belastung ein Patient die zentrale Stenose respiratorisch kompensiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050474
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of chlorophenols in urine of children and suggestion of reference values (1999)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 365 (1999), S. 458-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract During the course of a human biomonitoring project (Biebesheim in Hessen, Germany) we elaborated a simple but sensitive method for the determination of tri- (TCP), tetra- (TeCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in human urine. Urine samples, spiked with internal standards, were treated by acid hydrolysis. After a steam bath distillation the distillates were extracted using solid phase extraction. Derivatization of the chlorophenols was not carried out. GC/ECD system was used for detection. Detection limits of the chlorophenols were found in the range of 0.02 μg/L urine (detection limits of the ECD: 0.52 to 2.76 μg/L). By this method mono- and dichlorophenols cannot be detected. We investigated 24h-urine samples of 339 pupils (age 10 to 12 years). The children live either in the surroundings of a hazardous waste incinerator (SVA) in Biebesheim (n = 193), or controls (i.e. regions without waste incinerator) in the non polluted areas of Odenwald (n = 90) and Rheintal (n = 56). Between these three groups we did not find statistically significant differences in chlorophenol concentrations of the urine samples. The 95-percentiles of the analyzed samples are 0.74 μg/L (2,3,4-TCP), 1.24 μg/L (2,3,5-TCP), 0.70 μg/L (2,3,6–TCP), 1.10 μg/L (2,4,5–TCP), 1.74 μg/L (2,4,6–TCP), 2.84 μg/L (3,4,5–TCP), 4.78 μg/L (2,3,4,5-TeCP), 1.86 μg/L (2,3,4,6-TeCP), 2.90 μg/L (2,3,5,6-TeCP) and 4.39 μg/L (PCP).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051640
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