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Notes: Application criteria of steroid therapy for the patients of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) have not yet been established. The purpose of the present study was to establish retrospectively the clinical and pathological criteria for the steroid therapy by using a histological scoring on 104 adult patients of IgAN. Steroid therapy was designated as an administration of prednisolone in the amount of more than 30 mg per day in the period of more than 4 weeks within 1 year of kidney biopsy.We developed our own scoring system for the following main glomerular and tubulointerstitial changes as shown in 〈link href="#t1"〉Table 1. The histological scoring was expressed by evaluating semiquantitatively the extent of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in terms of activity index (AI) and chronicity index (CI). Activity index is the sum of graded score according to the extent of glomeruli with mesangial hypercellularity, intracapillary macrophagic infiltration and cellular crescent as well as to the extent of interstitial inflammation and tubulitis. Chronicity index is the sum of graded score according to the extent of glomeruli with global sclerosis, increase of extracellular matrices or periglomerular fibrosis, and tuft adhesion or fibrous (or fibrocellular) crescent as well as to the extent of interstitial fibrosis (〈link href="#t1"〉Table 1).〈tabular xml:id="t1"〉1〈title type="main"〉 Histological scoring 〈table frame="topbot"〉〈tgroup cols="5" align="left"〉〈colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="left"/〉〈colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" align="center"/〉〈thead valign="bottom"〉〈row rowsep="1"〉Score0123〈tbody valign="top"〉〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉AI: Activity Index〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉G: glomerularm: mesangial hypercellularity−〈 40%〈 80%≥ 80%i: intracapillary macrophage infiltration−+++e: cellular crescent0〈 30%≥ 30%〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉I: tubulointerstitiali: interstitial inflammation−+++t: tubulitis−+++〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉CI: Chronicity Index〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉G: glomerulars: global sclerosis〈 10%〈 30%〈 50%≥ 50%i: increase of extracellular matrix〈 10%〈 30%〈 50%≥ 50%e: fibrous (or fibrocellular) crescent, adhesion〈 10%〈 30%〈 50%≥ 50% I: tubulointerstitial
 interstitial fibrosis〈 10%〈 30%〈 50%≥ 50%〈note xml:id="t1_note5" numbered="no"〉AI: AGm + AGi + AGe*2 + AIi + Ait, CI: CGS + CGi + CGe + CIFor the applicability of steroid therapy, three groups were categorized by evaluating the statistical significance for the correlation of AI, CI and daily amount of urine protein to the outcome of the patients as follows (〈link href="#t2"〉Table 2). In group A (inappropriate indication of steroid therapy) which showed CI ≥ 5 alone, 10 out of 11 cases revealed decline of renal function (Cr ≥ 1.2 mg/dL and Ccr 〈 80 mL/min) within 2.2–19.3 years (mean 9.0 ± 6.4 years) without respect to steroid therapy. In group B (unnecessary indication of steroid therapy) which showed CI 〈 5, AI 〈 5, and UP 〈 1 g/day, 58 out of 60 cases showed normal renal function (Cr 〈 1.2 mg/dL and Ccr ≥ 80 mL/min) within 4.2–21.6 years (mean 10.1 ± 4.7 years). In group C (necessary indication of steroid therapy) which showed CI 〈 5 and AI ≥ 5 or UP ≥ 1 g/day, patients with steroid therapy revealed significantly higher incidence of outcome with normal renal function (12 out of 13 patients, final evaluation of renal function in 6.8 ± 2.3 years after renal biopsy) than that of the patient without steroid therapy (seven out of 20 cases, evaluation of renal function in 9.2 ± 4.0 years after renal biopsy) (P 〈 0.01) (〈link href="#t3"〉Table 3). In the 13 patients with steroid therapy in group C (steroid pulse in four patients, prednisolone 40 mg/day internally in three patients, predonisolone 30 mg/day internally in six patients) showed a significant decrease of proteinuria and remained until final evaluation time (〈link href="#t4"〉Table 4).〈tabular xml:id="t2"〉2〈title type="main"〉 Application criteria of steroid therapy 〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:13205358:NEP15:NEP_15_t2"/〉〈tabular xml:id="t3"〉3〈title type="main"〉 Comparison of steroid (−) with steroid (+) in the group of ‘necessary’ 〈table frame="topbot"〉〈tgroup cols="4" align="left"〉〈colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="left"/〉〈colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" align="center"/〉〈thead valign="bottom"〉〈row rowsep="1"〉steroid therapy+− P 〈row rowsep="1"〉no.1320〈tbody valign="top"〉〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col4" align="left"〉At Renal Biopsyage (years)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉31.5 ± 12.936.3 ± 13.0nsUP (g/day)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉2.3 ± 1.91.3 ± 0.5〈 0.05Cr (mg/dL)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉0.8 ± 0.30.9 ± 0.1nsCCr (mL/min)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉111 ± 4392 ± 34nsHypertension (n)19ns+ ACEI (n)410nsFollow-up years from
 renal biopsy〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉6.8 ± 2.39.2 ± 4.0ns〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col4" align="left"〉End of follow-upCr (mg/dL)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉0.8 ± 0.35.5 ± 6.6〈 0.01 Normal renal function
 (n)127 Renal insufficiency (n)16〈 0.01 Dialysis (n)07〈tabular xml:id="t4"〉4〈title type="main"〉 Change of urine protein in the 13 cases with steroid treatment in the group of 'necessary' 〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:13205358:NEP15:NEP_15_t4"/〉From the results above, our evaluation system using histological scoring together with grading proteinuria was proven to be useful in estimating the applicability of steroid therapy for adult IgAN patients.

Notes: [Auszug] Young, low-mass stars are luminous X-ray sources whose powerful X-ray flares may exert a profound influence over the process of planet formation. The origin of the X-ray emission is uncertain. Although many (or perhaps most) recently formed, low-mass stars emit X-rays as a consequence of ...

Notes: Abstract An autopsy case of microscopic polyarteritis (MPA) associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis that showed glomerular immunoglobulin and complement depositions and high titers of rheumatoid factor and myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) is reported. A 72-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of renal failure that had deteriorated from a serum creatinine value of 175.8 to 1874.1 μmol/l in 4 weeks. Laboratory studies on admission revealed proteinuria, numerous red blood cells, granular casts and red blood casts in the urine, increased serum blood urea nitrogen (47.8 mmol/l), anemia (hemoglobin, 60 g/l), and thrombocytopenia (platelets, 71 × 109/l). Emergency hemodialysis was started; however, the patient died on the fifth hospital day because of ventricular tachycardia, and an autopsy was performed. At autopsy, the patient was found to have had increased serum levels of immune complexes, rheumatoid factor, IgG rheumatoid factor, myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA), anti-thyroglobulin antibody, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, and decreased serum complement levels. Microscopic examination revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis in almost all glomeruli, and positive granular deposits of IgG, IgA, IgM, C1q, C3, and C4 in the mesangium and along the capillary walls. Typical fibrinoid necrosis was found in the small arteries of the stomach, colon, small intestine, and bladder. Finally, Hashimoto's thyroiditis was noted. To our knowledge, this is the first case of MPO-ANCA-positive MPA associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and increased serum rheumatoid factor levels.