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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The expression of 34 transmitter-related genes has been examined in the cholinergic neurones of rat striatal brain slices, with the aim of correlating gene expression with functional activity. The mRNAs encoding types I, II/IIA, and III α subunits of the voltage-sensitive sodium channels were detected, suggesting the presence of these three types of sodium channel. Similarly, mRNAs encoding all four α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor subunits and the NR1 and NR2A, 2B, and 2D subunits of the NMDA-type glutamate receptors were detected, suggesting that various combinations of these subunits mediate the cellular response to synaptically released glutamate. Other mRNAs detected included the NK1 and NK3 tachykinin receptors, all four known adenosine receptors, and the GABA-synthesising enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. Subpopulations of these cholinergic neurones have been identified on the basis of the expression of the NK3 tachykinin receptor in 5% and the trkC neurotrophin receptor in 12% of the cells investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ras proteins regulate cellular growth and differentiation, and are mutated in 30% of cancers. We have shown recently that Ras is activated on and transmits signals from the Golgi apparatus as well as the plasma membrane but the mechanism of compartmentalized signalling was not determined. Here ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 9 (2002), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An axially symmetric plasma confined by a poloidal magnetic field with closed field lines is considered. A kinetic analysis of electromagnetic modes is performed for an "intermediate collisionality" ordering in which the particle collision frequency is much smaller than the transit or bounce frequency, but much larger than the mode, magnetic drift, and diamagnetic drift frequencies. A second order integrodifferential ballooning equation for electromagnetic modes is derived, which describes "high-frequency" ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and "low-frequency" entropy modes. The equation recovers the corresponding ideal MHD ballooning equation for the mode frequency greater than the magnetic drift and diamagnetic drift frequencies, and generalizes the results of an earlier electrostatic treatment of the entropy mode to arbitrary plasma beta. Ion gyrorelaxation collisional modifications to the entropy mode are also evaluated for arbitrary plasma beta and specific results are presented for both a point dipole and Z pinch. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 4414-4426 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An axially symmetric plasma immersed in a poloidal magnetic field with closed lines is considered. Low-frequency electrostatic modes are studied kinetically for an "intermediate collisionality" ordering, in which the particle collision frequency is much smaller than the transit or bounce frequency, but much larger than the mode, magnetic drift, and diamagnetic drift frequencies. This ordering is appropriate for the Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) [J. Kesner et al., 17th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Yokahama, Japan (IAEA, Vienna, 1999)] and some other closed field line devices. "High-frequency" magnetohydrodynamic-like and "low-frequency" entropy modes are found and stability boundaries are determined. Collisional effects are considered and the corresponding ion gyro-relaxation effects are evaluated. These effects introduce dissipation (or inverse dissipation) and are shown to modify the stability picture considerably, while leaving large stability regions in the d, η parametric space, where η is the ratio of the gradients of temperature and density and d is the ratio of the diamagnetic and magnetic drift frequencies. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 2526-2529 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The energy principle is employed to show that the equilibrium confined by the magnetic field of a point dipole is stable to ballooning modes. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Chaos 11 (2001), S. 474-478 
    ISSN: 1089-7682
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Various techniques designed to extract nonlinear characteristics from experimental time series have provided no clear evidence as to whether the electroencephalogram (EEG) is chaotic. Compounding the lack of firm experimental evidence is the paucity of physiologically plausible theories of EEG that are capable of supporting nonlinear and chaotic dynamics. Here we provide evidence for the existence of chaotic dynamics in a neurophysiologically plausible continuum theory of electrocortical activity and show that the set of parameter values supporting chaos within parameter space has positive measure and exhibits fat fractal scaling. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 3334-3341 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of the inductive electric field of a tokamak on the parallel (and poloidal) ion flow in the banana regime is evaluated. It is demonstrated that the flow is in the direction of the parallel current and is surprisingly large—comparable to the usual banana regime ion temperature gradient drive. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 3309-3318 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interchange and ballooning stability of general anisotropic pressure plasma equilibria in a dipolar magnetic field are investigated. Starting with the Kruskal–Oberman form of the energy principle and using a Schwarz inequality, a fluid form of the anisotropic pressure energy principle is derived, which, after appropriate minimization, gives an interchange stability condition and an integro-differential ballooning equation. These results are applied to the case of an anisotropic pressure equilibrium having the perpendicular pressure equal to the parallel pressure times a constant and, in particular, to a model point dipole equilibrium. It is found that the model equilibrium is interchange stable for all plasma betas = (plasma pressure/magnetic pressure) and ballooning stable for all betas up to some critical value. The interesting planetary case of "tied" field lines is also considered. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 626-628 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A physically meaningful equilibrium is derived for a plasma of finite pressure anisotropy confined by the magnetic field of a point dipole. Analytic solutions are explicitly displayed for low plasma pressure with strong pressure anisotropy and for high plasma pressure with weak pressure anisotropy, and numerical results presented for intermediate cases. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 1452-1458 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The influence of a toroidal magnetic field on the equilibrium and stability of a plasma confined by the magnetic field of a point dipole is considered, since it may be necessary to introduce a toroidal magnetic field to smooth electron heating or other asymmetries in the toroidal direction that can lead to toroidal electric fields and a loss of confinement due to radial E×B drift. To begin, a toriodal magnetic field is shown to restore confinement by reducing electron heating departures from axisymmetry. Then the Grad–Shafranov equation for a point dipole in the presence of a toroidal field is solved to explicitly demonstrate that an equilibrium exists. Finally, it is shown that a toroidal magnetic field destabilizes the otherwise stable point dipole ballooning modes at high plasma pressure. Consequently, if a toroidal magnetic field is necessary to remove toroidal heating asymmetries in a dipole equilibrium, the heating may have to be performed transiently or at lower plasma pressures. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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