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  • Electronic Resource  (5)
  • 1995-1999  (5)
  • PMMA  (3)
  • Informed consent  (2)
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 479-486 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Clinical pharmacology ; Clinical trials ; Drug development ; Drug therapeutics ; Informed consent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical pharmacology is the pursuit of rational therapeutics by following the scientific principles of medicine and pharmacology. In Japan the roles for clinical pharmacology and clinical pharmacologists have been evolving since the discipline appeared in the 1950s. Clinical pharmacology and clinical trials for drug development depend on each other, and clinical pharmacologists play an important role in drug development in Japan. As the discipline becomes more important and complicated, many issues regarding drug therapeutics and clinical trials in Japan have been raised, and several points of view have been expressed. The following suggestions have been made to improve clinical pharmacology in Japan: (a) Medical education in the field of clinical pharmacology must be improved by creating or improving clinical pharmacology programs in medical schools. (b) The appropriate infrastructure for clinical trials must be established so that the physicians' workload is reduced, and patients' participation in clinical trials becomes much easier. (c) Scientific and ethical standards of the pharmaceutical industry must be improved, and the effort should be made to produce drugs with new mechanisms of action or with significant expected benefits. (d) The regulatory agency must provide stronger support, encompassing all the various points of view of academic institutes and the pharmaceutical industry. In light of the enthusiasm demonstrated by the government, physicians, and pharmaceutical industry in Japan for continued progress in clinical pharmacology, it seems likely that all its challenges will be overcome in the near future. Hence, despite the various problems discussed here the future seems promising for the continued development of clinical pharmacology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 479-486 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Clinical pharmacology ; Clinical trials ; Drug development ; Drug therapeutics ; Informed consent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Clinical pharmacology is the pursuit of rational therapeutics by following the scientific principles of medicine and pharmacology. In Japan the roles for clinical pharmacology and clinical pharmacologists have been evolving since the discipline appeared in the 1950s. Clinical pharmacology and clinical trials for drug development depend on each other, and clinical pharmacologists play an important role in drug development in Japan. As the discipline becomes more important and complicated, many issues regarding drug therapeutics and clinical trials in Japan have been raised, and several points of view have been expressed. The following suggestions have been made to improve clinical pharmacology in Japan: (a) Medical education in the field of clinical pharmacology must be improved by creating or improving clinical pharmacology programs in medical schools. (b) The appropriate infrastructure for clinical trials must be established so that the physicians’ workload is reduced, and patients’ participation in clinical trials becomes much easier. (c) Scientific and ethical standards of the pharmaceutical industry must be improved, and the effort should be made to produce drugs with new mechanisms of action or with significant expected benefits. (d) The regulatory agency must provide stronger support, encompassing all the various points of view of academic institutes and the pharmaceutical industry. In light of the enthusiasm demonstrated by the government, physicians, and pharmaceutical industry in Japan for continued progress in clinical pharmacology, it seems likely that all its challenges will be overcome in the near future. Hence, despite the various problems discussed here the future seems promising for the continued development of clinical pharmacology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 83 (1997), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: dynamic crack propagation ; stress intensity factor ; crack velocity ; a cceleration ; polymers ; PMMA ; expoxy ; caustic method.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic crack propagations in PMMA and epoxy specimens were studied using the method of caustics in combination with a Cranz-Schardin type high-speed camera. Single-edge-cracked tensile specimens were fractured under pin-loading conditions so that cracks could experience acceleration, deceleration and re-acceleration stages in one fracture process. The dynamic stress intensity factor K ID, crack velocity a and acceleration a were evaluated in the course of crack propagation to examine the effects of a and a on K ID. Results showed that a and a were important factors in changing the values of K ID, and for constant a the decelerating crack had a larger value of K ID than the accelerating or re-accelerating crack. Also, it was found that K ID could be expressed as two parametric functions of and a for PMMA and epoxy specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 96 (1999), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Dynamic crack propagation ; unloading behavior ; stress intensity factor ; crack velocity ; unloading rate ; brittle polymers ; epoxy ; PMMA ; homalite-100 ; caustic method.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The method of caustics in combination with a Cranz–Schardin high-speed camera was utilized to study dynamic crack propagation and unloading behavior of epoxy, PMMA and Homalite-100 specimens. Dynamic stress intensity factor K ID and crack velocity $$\dot a$$ were evaluated in the course of crack propagation. Caustic patterns at the loading points were also recorded to estimate load P applied to the specimen. Unloading rate $$\dot P$$ , the time derivative of P, was determined as a function of time t, and its time correlation with K ID or $$\dot a$$ was examined. The findings showed that the change in $$\dot P$$ was qualitatively in accord with the change in K ID or $$\dot a$$ . However, there existed slight differences among the values of t giving the maximum $$\dot P$$ , $$\dot a$$ and K ID, so that their order was $$\dot a$$ , $$\dot P$$ and K ID.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 86 (1997), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Polymers ; crack tip ; displacement fields ; moiré interferometry ; PMMA ; PA6/PPE/SBS alloy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Moiré interferometry was utilized to experimentally determine displacement fields around a crack tip in single-edge-cracked tensile PMMA and PA6/PPE/SBS alloy specimens. Vertical displacement v was expressed as functions of distance r and angle θ from the crack tip, and compared with the approximate solution of linear elastic fracture mechanics to study its applicability to polymers. The results showed that the solution agreed with the experiments in the vicinity of a crack tip in the PMMA specimens, but it yielded a discrepancy as r increased. For the alloy specimens, however, the solution gave much smaller values than the experiments. The principle of superposition was employed to determine the values of v*(=v-v′), i.e. the difference between two displacements v and v′ which was related to a uniform strain field without a crack. The expressions for v* and v were also introduced to analyze the effects of r, θ and load P applied to the specimen. v* was found to be an important factor in increasing the displacements near the crack tip, and the v expression well represented the experimental results for both the PMMA and alloy specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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