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Glucose transporter gene expression in rat conceptus during early organogenesis and exposure to insulin-induced hypoglycemic serum (1993)

Maeda, Y. ; Akazawa, S. ; Akazawa, M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Acta diabetologica 30 (1993), S. 73-78

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ISSN: 1432-5233

Keywords: Embryogenesis ; Glucose transporter ; Growth retardation ; Hypoglycemia ; Neural tube defect ; Rat embryo culture

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract We investigated the glucose transporter gene and protein expression during early organogenesis in the rat and in rat embryos cultured with hypoglycemic serum. Erythrocyte-type glucose transporter (GLUT-1) mRNA was expressed at a high level in embryos; peak levels were reached at days 10.5–11.5 and decreased as gestational age increased. In contrast, the insulin regulaable glucose transporter (GLUT-4) mRNA was not detected. The levels of GLUT-1 protein determined by Western blot analysis increased in parallel with expression of the glucose transporter (GLUT-1) gene and peak levels were observed on days 10.5 and 11.5, which correspond to the main periods of neural tube formation. Immunohistochemical staining of the embryo on day 10.5 showed that GLUT-1 protein was abundantly located in the tissue of neural tube. When embryos were cultured from day 9.5 to day 10.5 with insulin-induced hypoglycemic serum containing 2–3 mM glucose an increased frequency of anterior neural tube defects was observed in association with a significant reduction of the glycolytic flux. Increased levels of GLUT-1 mRNA and protein were not observed during the culture with hypoglycemic serum compared with the levels in embryos cultured in normal serum. Addition of insulin to normal serum (500 μU/ml) did not affect the GLUT-1 mRNA and protein levels. GLUT-1 mRNA and protein are strongly expressed in the embryo during early organogenesis, especially in the tissues of the neural tube, and the expression of the glucose transporter did not increase in response to prolonged glycopenia. This may account for the vulnerability of embryogenesis to hypoglycemia during these critical developmental periods.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00578217

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Separation of water-ethanol by pervaporation through polyion complex composite membranePaper presented at 3rd International Conference on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry, September 1922, Nancy, France. (1991)

Karakane, H. ; Tsuyumoto, M. ; Maeda, Y. ; [et al.]

New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 3229-3239

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ISSN: 0021-8995

Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics

Notes: For the purpose of separating alcohol-water mixtures by the use of the pervaporation technique, new composite membranes composed of polyion complexes (PIC) as a separating layer were developed. The polyion complex structure, consisting of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polycation, provided excellent permeation rate and selectivity. Among the polycations, ionenes, which have quaternary ammonium groups in the backbone chain, were effective in giving membranes of higher permselectivities. High selectivity of PIC membranes was observed at high ethanol concentration regions in the feed mixture. For the azeotropic mixture of water/ethanol (95 wt % EtOH) at 60°C, the PAA-based PIC membrane had the following separation properties: separation factor ∼ 3,500 and permeation rate ∼ 1.6 kg/m2 h.

Additional Material: 16 Ill.