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  • Digitale Medien  (41)
  • 1975-1979  (41)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (41)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Das erst kürzlich am System Aceton/Diäthyläther/Polystyrol (AC/DEE/PS) erstmals beobachtete Phänomen der «Echten Kosolvenz» wird bezüglich seiner Druckabhängigkeit untersucht und mit dem thermodynamischen Verhalten der entsprechenden binären Subsysteme verglichen. Zur Feststellung der Grenzen der vollständigen Mischbarkeit diente dabei eine Druckapparatur, die zur Messung der Trübung von fluiden Phasen im Bereich von -70 bis +500°Cund von 1 bis 4000 bar (105 bis 4·108 Nm-2) gebaut wurde.Die für das System DEE/PS (MPS = 20400) beobachtete kritische Kurve verlluft ahnlich wie die in der Literatur fur AC/PS angegebene, d. h. die oberen kritischen Entmischungs-temperaturen werden mit steigendem Druck zu kleineren, die unteren kritischen Entmi-schungstemperaturen zu griiljeren Werten verschoben. Im Falle der echten Kosolvenz (MPS = 110000) umschreibt die kritische Kurve fur Normaldruck den Bereich von Tempe-ratur und Zusammensetzung des Mischlosungsmittels, in dem die Liisungen unabhangig von der Polymerkonzentration stets homogen bleiben. Mit steigendem Druck vergriibert sich dieser Bereich allseitig, so dafi eine trompetenartige kritische Fllche entsteht. Dieses experimentelle Ergebnis wird theoretisch durch die «single-liquid approximation» von Scott recht gut wiedergegeben, wenn man das thermodynamische Verhalten der binaren Subsysteme auf der Basis der Prigogine-Patterson-Theorie beschreibt.
    Notizen: The phenomenon of “true cosolvency”, which has only recently been observed in the system acetone/diethyl ether/polystyrene (AC/DEE/PS), is investigated with regard to its pressure dependence and compared with the thermodynamic behaviour of the corresponding binary sub-systems. For the determination of the limits of complete solubility, a pressure apparatus was used which had been constructed, in order to measure the turbidity of fluids in the temperature range of -70 to +500°Cand in the pressure range of 1 to 4000 bar (105 to 4·108 Nm-2).The critical line observed for the system DEE/PS (MPS=20400) looks similar to that reported for AC/PS in the literature, i.e. the upper critical solution temperatures are shifted towards lower and the lower critical solution temperatures towards higher values when the pressure is increased. In the case of true cosolvency (MPS=110000), the critical line for atmospheric pressure encircles the range of temperature and composition of the mixed solvent within which the solutions stay homogeneous irrespective of polymer concentration. With increasing pressure, this range expands all around, thus creating a trumpet-like surface. This experimental result is well reproduced theoretically by the “single-liquid approximation” of Scott, where the thermodynamic behaviour of the binary sub-systems is described on the basis of the Prigogine-Patterson theory.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 2519-2538 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wird eine allgemeine statistische Theorie der radikalischen Polymerisation mit Kettenübertragung entwickelt, die in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Polymerisationskinetik steht. Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich im einzelnen mit dieser Beziehung; es werden analytische Ausdrücke für die Reaktionswahrscheinlichkeiten als Funktion der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten und des Monomerumsatzes abgeleitet. Die statistische Behandlung (Kaskadentheorie) der Polyreaktion erlaubt die Berechnung des Gewichtsmittels des Polymerisationsgrads Pw, des z-Mittels des mittleren Trägheitsradiusquadrats 〈S2〉z und des Streuformfaktors Pz(θ). Während für lineare Ketten die erwähnten Mittelwerte durch eine einzige Verknüpfungswahrscheinlichkeit festgelegt sind, sind die entsprechenden Mittelwerte bei dem verzweigten System durch eine stochastische Matrix bestimmt, deren Elemente die verschiedenen Verknüpfungswahrscheinlichkeiten sind. Die Theorie +ird auf Polyvinylacetat angewendet. Es wird eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen von D. J. Stein für dieses Polymere erhalten.
    Notizen: A general statistical theory in direct relation to the kinetics of polymerization is developed for free radical polymerization with chain transfer. In the present paper this relationship is displayed in detail; analytical expressions are derived for the probabilities of reaction as functions of the reaction rates and the monomer conversion. The statistical treatment (cascade theory) of the polyreaction allows the calculation of the weight average degree of polymerization Pw, the z-average mean square radius of gyration 〈S2〉z, and the particle scattering factor Pz(θ). While for linear chains the mentioned averages are determined by a single link probability, in the branched system these averages are characterized by a stochastic matrix whose elements are the various link probabilities. The theory is applied to poly(vinyl acetate). A good agreement is obtained with the experimental results of D. J. Stein for this polymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 517-521 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Cloud-point curves and critical curves (Tc = f(p)) have been measured for the system trans-decahydronaphthalene/polystyrene and three different molecular weights of the polystyrene component (2,5 · 106; 3,9 · 105; 1,1 · 105). It turned out that by variation of the pressure the metastable region can be investigated up to the spinodal curve.A comparison of the theta-temperatures and the enthalpy contributions χH (to the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ) resulting from the measured critical temperatures according to Shultz-Flory, with the corresponding directly obtained literature data, demonstrates that, although the extrapolation of Tc to infinite molecular weight is feasible, χH obtained in this way is greater by a factor of approximately three, due to the concentration dependence of χ. The same is true for the determination of χV (the contribution of the work in change of volume to χ) from the molecular weight dependence of the critical pressure. The determination of χV from the slope of the critical curves and known χH is, however, possible; the results are in good agreement with direct measurements.The shape of the critical curves calculated theoretically according to Prigogine and Patterson, turns out to be very sensitive to the precise values chosen for the mechanical data of the pure components. By adjustment of the system-specific parameters the measured critical curves can be well represented analytically.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1869-1871 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 2591-2603 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The demixing behavior of 20 representatives of the system oligo(dimethylsiloxane)/oligo(propylene glycol) (ODMS/OPG)The prefix “oligo” has been chosen for all products, since the addition or removal of a few monomeric units changes the physical properties considerably (cf. Tab. I), even in the case of the highest molecular weight sample. is investigated at pressures up to 1 500 bar. The degrees of oligomerization range from 2 to 5 for the first and from 1 to 57, 6 for the second component. The experimental results are compared with those for the previously studied system oligoisobutene/oligo(propylene glycol) (OIB/OPG). In both cases the observed upper critical temperatures Tc increase with the number of monomeric units of the less polar component, whereas they run through a minimum when the number of monomeric units of the glycol is raised. For the present system the Tc values are found to be considerably higher than that of OIB/OPG and the optimum compatibility can normally be observed already between 1 and 7 propylene glycol units as against 50 in the case of OIB/OPG. In the low pressure region Tc of ODMS/OPG is decreased by pressure for all representatives of this system, while enhanced incompatibility has been found with OIB/OPG. For ODMS/OPG the special features of the critical lines are determined by the chain length of OPG, for OIB/OPG by that of OIB. For ODMS/OPG the initial reduction of Tc by pressure is most pronounced with the highest molecular weight oligo(propylene glycol), for which it amounts up to 0,3 K/bar; with increasing pressure and decreasing chain length the effects become smaller. For the lowest molecular weight sample of OPG the critical lines show a vertex at 700-1000 bar. In any case the two systems under consideration behave in an increasingly similar manner as the pressure is raised. The theoretical evaluation and discussion of the above results is performed by analogy with that of the first paper in this series.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The phenomenon of co-nonsolvency, i.e. the formation of nonsolvents by mixing two solvents, was studied for the system N,N-dimethylformamide/cyclohexane/polystyrene (DMF/CH/PS) which is characterized by the fact that the components of the mixed solvent are only incompletely miscible below 48,6°C. A number of quasibinary sections (stepwise addition of the second solvent to given solutions of the polymer in the first solvent) for a sample (M = 110000) of high molecular uniformity yielded a cloud point surface which gives “island curves” (closed solubility gaps) for constant temperatures between the critical temperature of DMF/CH and the top of the cloud point surface (51,3°C). The attainment of equilibrium is facilitated by the addition of DMF to CH or solutions of PS in CH, as compared with the opposite procedure. By means of phase equilibrium experiments tie lines and the critical curve could also be constructed. For a theoretical calculation of the latter from information concerning the binary sub-systems (e.g. light scattering of PS in DMF) the single liquid approximation was applied to DMF/PS instead of - with respect to miscibility - the more dissimilar DMF/CH; the results are in qualitative accord with experimental observations. Orienting measurements concering the chain length dependence of the partition coefficient in co-nonsolvent systems indicate that their aptitude for fractionation is considerably worse than that of normal systems under comparable conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 30 (1979), S. 853-857 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ion bombardment - a method for Investigating and preventingDuring the last years the technique of ion implantation gained increasing importance. It allows to introduce very element at any temperature in any material and to produce stable as well as metastable alloys. Applications for this method in corrosion science are pointed out in the light of results from different laboratories.First the stability of titanium and zirconium against thermal oxidation after ion bombardment is discussed. Then the passivation behaviour of iron irradiated with chromium and tantalum ions is mentioned. The third section deals with aqueous corrosion of iron and hydrogen evolution in diluted acids. The implantation of lead, gold and platinum is shown to modify the reaction rates by several orders of magnitude. Finally the possibility of using ion bombardment for the investigation of hydrogen embrittlement of metals is demonstrated.The results prove this method for the formation of alloys to allow studies being not accessible with more conventional techniques.
    Notizen: In den letzten Jahren hat die Technik der Ionenbestrahlung von Materialien steigende Bedeutung gewonnen. Sie gestattet es, beliebige Elemente bei jeder Temperature in beliebige Basismaterialien einzubringen und sowohl stabile als auch metastabile Oberflächenlegierungen herzustellen. An Hand einer Reihe von Beispielen aus in- und ausländischen Labors werden Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der Korrosionsforschung vorgestellt.Zunächst wird die Oxidationsbeständigkeit von mit Ionen bestrahltem Titan und Zirkon diskutiert, sodann das Passivierungsverhalten von Eisen, das mit Chrom- und Tantalionen beschossen wurde. Der Befund, daß die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit und die Wasserstoffentwicklungsrate von Eisen in verdünnter Säure durch Implantation von Blei-, Gold-und Platinionen um mehrere Zehnerpotenzen verändert werden können, wird mitgeteilt. Schließlich wird die Möglichkeit, Ionenbeschuß zur Untersuchung der Wasserstoffversprödung von Metallen heranzuziehen, aufgezeigt. Die Ergebnisse beweisen, daß diese „Legierungsmethode“ Untersuchungen ermöglicht, die mit konventionellen Techniken kaum zugänglich sind.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The optical activity of the Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides of serotypes K1, K5, K6, K8, K11, K56, and K57 has been studied in aqueous solution. Measurements of ORD in the range 185-450 nm reveal anomalous ORD with Cotton effects near λ0 = 195nm. The results are evaluated quantitatively according to hte Moffitt-Yang and the Drude equations. Straight lines are obtained in the Moffitt-Yang plots, while the corresponding Drude plots yield bent curves. The b0 values, calculated from the slope of the stright lines in the Moffitt-Yang plot, range from 90 to 270 and suggest a helical superstructure for the capsular polysaccyharides. Positive b0 values have been found for K1, K5, and K6 and negative b0 values for K8, k11, K56, ad K57. Circular dichrosim has been mesured, but the CD curves are found to be truncated at the lower-wavelength end due to the 185-nm limit of the spectrometer used. Measurements of the temperature dependence of the specific optical rotation [α] reveal in all cases cooperative order-disorder transitions at temperatures, Tm, fro m298 to 323°K. The van′t Hoff enthalpies derived from the width of the transition curves are found to be similar in value to those of polypeptieds in aqueous solution. The K8 polysaccharide shows a two-step transition. The results are discussed in relation to the known primary structure and x-ray data from oriented and partially crystalline films. A model is suggested for the two-step transition in the K8 polysaccharide.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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