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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 9 (1972), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A simple “time stick,” graduated in hundredths of a second, falling under constant gravitational acceleration, provides ready, accurate measurement of certain manual action and reaction times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20 (1972), S. 1252-1255 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 315-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Biomechanics ; Shark teeth ; Preadaptation ; Trajectorial pattern ; Optimal shape ; Ultra structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An der Oberfläche von Selachierzähnen befindet sich eine dem Schmelz der Säugetiere analoge Schicht, die von Reif erstmals eingehend elektronen-rastermikroskopisch untersucht worden ist. Die mechanische Widerstandsfähigkeit dieser 0,2–0,9 mm dicken Schicht ist größer als diejenige des Dentins. Je nach der Gestalt und der dadurch bestimmten Beanspruchung der Zähne sind verschiedene Formen von “Schmelz” ausgebildet: der allem Anschein nach sehr druckfeste “Einzelkristallitschmelz” der Quetschzähne und der zugfeste “parallelfaserige Schmelz” der Fang- und Schneidezähne. Vielfach kommt daneben noch ein “wirrfaseriger Schmelz” vor, der unter Umständen Zugspannungen aufzunehmen scheint. Fang- und Schneidezähne sind von einer sehr dünnen “Glanzschicht” bedeckt, welche Rißbildung verhindert. Die aus “Einzelkristalliten” aufgebauten Schmelzkappen der Quetschzähne können als flächig unterstützte Schalentragwerke im mechanischen Sinne interpretiert werden. Ihre Festigkeit wird oft durch ein Oberflächenrelief erhöht. Die Lastabtragung innerhalb der Schale und die Feinstruktur des “Schmelzes” werden im Detail diskutiert. Die Gestalt der Elemente scheint jeweils an die mechanische Beanspruchung optimal angepaßt zu sein. Die Fang- und Schneidezähne stellen im mechanischen Sinne dreieckige Konsolen dar. Eine Berechnung der Spannungen in derartigen Konsolen zeigt, daß die tatsächlich vorgefundenen Formen in der Regel “Körper gleicher Festigkeit” gegenüber genau definierbaren Beanspruchungen darstellen. Diese Beanspruchungen sind oft einfache Kombinationen aus Flächen- bzw. Punktlasten. Diese Last-Kombinationen erscheinen vom biologischen Standpunkt aus, bei Berücksichtigung des Wenigen, was wir über das Verhalten von Haien wissen, sinnvoll und wahrscheinlich. Die Anordnung der “Schmelzfasern” an der Oberfläche von Fang- oder Schneidezähnen entspricht dem Verlauf von Spannungs-Trajektorien in einem homogenen Zahnmodell unter Beanspruchungen, wie sie von den obengenannten Lasten hervorgerufen werden. Die Fasermuster sind um so deutlicher ausgeprägt, je höher die Spannungen im jeweiligen Teil des Zahnes sind. Manche der bei bestimmten Belastungen zu erwartenden Trajektorienmuster sind in Haifischzähnen nach unseren bisherigen Kenntnissen nicht in Form von Fasermustern realisiert. Es wird unterstellt, daß diese theoretisch möglichen Belastungen bei den untersuchten Tieren während des Lebens nicht auftreten. Aus den Befunden wird gefolgert, daß hier, d.h. auch bei Zähnen und auch bei primitiven Vertebraten der gleiche enge Zusammenhang zwischen Form und Funktion besteht, wie er am postcranialen Skelet von Säugetieren mehrfach nachgewiesen worden its. Es kann sich angesichts der Funktionsweise von Haifischzähnen nur um eine “Präadaptation” handeln.
    Notes: Summary The surface of selachian teeth is covered by a 0.2–0.9 mm layer which is analogous to the enamel in mammals. The first detailed study on this material with the aid of a scanning electron microscope was made by Reif (1973b). The mechanical resistance of this tissue is greater than that of dentine. Various forms of “enamel-like tissue” do occur. They obviously are correlated with the shape of a tooth and the stresses to which it may be subject: The “single-crystallite enamel” covers the crushing teeth, it is apparently resistant against compressive stresses. The “parallel-fibred enamel” of fangs and cutting teeth is resistant to tensile stresses. Underneath it, there is a “fibrous enamel”, the fibres of which are randomly orientated in space. This tissue seems to be resistant against compression. Fangs as well as cutting teeth are covered by a “shiny layer” which excludes the occurrence of fissures in the “parallel fibred enamel”. The “single-crystallite enamel”-caps on crushing teeth can be considered as “shell-constructions” in a mechanical sence. Their resistance often is increased by a surface relief. The distribution of stresses within the “shell” and the structure of the “enamel” are discussed in detail. The shapes of the elements seem to be optimally adapted to the stresses that may occur. Fangs and cutting teeth are in a mechanical sence triangular consoles. The calculation of the stresses which occur under a number of external forces shows that the real shapes are normally bodies of uniform strength against accurately defined loads. The points or areas of application as well as the directions of the latter correspond to special shapes. In view of the few informations available about biting behaviour in sharks, the considered loads seem to be quite reasonable representations of the forces to which a shark's teeth are exposed. The positions and orientation of the enamel-fibres on fangs and cutting teeth are in perfect accordance with the pattern of trajectories in a homogeneous tooth model under stresses equal to those evoked by the above-mentioned loads. The fibre pattern is the clearer developed, the greater the stresses at a special point are. Some particular trajectorial patterns, which would appear under certain conditions, are not realised as far as we know today. We assume, that these theoretically possible variations of loading do not occur in the investigated forms, because the animals do not bite this way. According to our observations, in teeth as well as in primitive vertebrates, the same close relationship between shape and function seems to exist, as has been found repeatedly in the postcranial skeleton of mammals. In view of the way of exchange of shark teeth it can only be a case of “preadaptation”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen der Kausalanalyse morphogenetischer Systeme wurde eine für die Herstellung von Mikro-Zeitrafferaufnahmen geeignete Versuchsanordnung (Abb. 1) entwickelt, die innerhalb kleiner, lebender Objekte einen wohldefinierten, stabilen Temperaturgradienten bis zu 80° C/mm erzeugt und aufrechterhält.
    Notes: Summary For causal analysis of morphogenetic systems a device has been developed (Fig. 1) which achieves a well-defined and stable temperature gradient up to 80° C/mm inside small objectsin vivo. The technique requires that the objects are embedded in aqueous agar of 3% (Difco, Detroit/Michigan). By means of an inverted microscope time-lapse cinematography of the objects can be carried out simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 74 (1970), S. 3194-3199 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 45 (1973), S. 2263-2266 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 75 (1971), S. 445-447 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 17 (1974), S. 1008-1009 
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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