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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 25 (1986), S. 878-885 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Experimental dermatology 13 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Endogenous antimicrobial peptides are components of the innate host defense system that prevents microbial penetration before the time-consuming adaptive immunity starts. We have recently demonstrated that α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) has antimicrobial effects. The antimicrobial influences of α-MSH are exerted through a unique mechanism, which appears to be linked to the cAMP-inducing activity of the peptide. This mechanism mimics the influence of α-MSH in mammalian cells in which the peptide binds to G-protein-linked melanocortin receptors, activates adenylyl cyclase, and increases cAMP. In an attempt to improve the antimicrobial activity of α-MSH and to better understand the peptide structure–activity relations, we designed and synthesized novel peptide analogs. In this structure–activity study, we discovered several compounds that have greater antimicrobial activity than α-MSH. The peptide [DNal-7, Phe-12]-α-MSH (6–13) was the most potent of the analogs tested. This compound killed almost 100% of Candida cells and had substantial antimicrobial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Enhanced antimicrobial activity of the Phe-12-substituted peptides was the most distinctive feature relative to effects in mammalian cells. The results are very encouraging in that they show the great potential of α-MSH peptides as a truly novel class of antimicrobial compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 48 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The histological structure of the gonads was studied in yellow eels sampled from a coastal lagoon and from stocks reared in an aquaculture plant showing different sex ratios. Gonad development related to body size rather than to age and underwent an intermediate stage characterized by a structure of an early testis but containing oogonia and oocytes. This gonad was called the Syrski organ and the stage juvenile ambisexual. Ovaries were found in eels from 22–30 cm in length, possibly derived from undifferentiated gonads or from Syrski organs. Fully differentiated testes were found in eels 〉35 cm, derived from Syrski organs. These observations support the results of previous research. From elvers and in eels up to 15–16 cm in length, growth of the gonadal primordium is due to primordial germ cell migration. In eels 〉 15 cm multiplication of primordial cells begins. Oogonial clones were found in eels 〉 18 cm in length, whilespermatogonium B clones were observed in eels 〉30 cm in length. The dynamics of sex differentiation was different among stocks with different ultimate sex ratios: ovaries were found in shorter eels in stocks with a prevalence of females, in longer eels in stocks with a prevalence of males. This result supports the hypothesis of a metagametic (environmental) sex determination. The somatic cells in contact with germ cells and those in the interstitium appeared early during gonad development and preceded germ cell differentiation. This suggests that somatic cells are the targets of the environmental factors influencing sex differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 57 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Treating elvers of European eel Anguilla anguilla with mature carp ovary for 3–6 months during early growth induced female differentiation in 51·6–66·7% of treated animals compared with c. 5% in controls. The treatment also induced differentiation of ovaries in eels 〈13 cm LT and a higher number of Syrski organs with ambisexual characters, and was most effective when administered at an early growth stage. The results could be attributed to the natural steroid content of the carp ovary. The total weight of treated animals at the end of the farm experiment was 84·7% higher than controls. The specific growth rate for weight was significantly higher in female yellow eels than in males, for both control and treated groups. The enhanced growth was related to induced feminization. A diet supplementation with mature carp ovary could be a good approach to control of sex differentiation and growth in eels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 47 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of sex steroids on sex differentiation in the European eel were studied. The steroids, 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE), were given in the diet to 6–8 cm elvers and to 15–18 cm and 22–25 cm yellow eels. In our rearing conditions a very large percentage of the untreated eels developed as males. No masculinizing effect of MT could be demonstrated. The EE, administered at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 of diet to 6–8 cm elvers and 15–18 cm eels, induced ovarian differentiation in about 90 and 65% of eels respectively, while in the control 〈5% of females was recorded. In 22–25 cm yellow eels a moderated feminizing effect was observed.Histological analysis of the gonads of treated eels showed that sex steroids affect the gonadal structure. The androgen stimulates hypertrophy of compact connective tissue, early differentiation of Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and early formation of the spermatic duct. Oestrogen inhibits the differentiation of these structural components and stimulates the differentiation of follicular cells and an ovarian structure.The involvement of gonadal structural components is discussed in relation to the effect of steroid treatment and to the peculiarities of sex differentiation in the European eel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 24 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using histological sections, the gonads of samples of yellow and silver eels of two populations were examined. The populations were previously analysed for growth and sex ratio. The histological structures observed are similar to those described in previous publications for the European eel, Anguilla anguilla and to those indicated for the Pacific eel, A. japonica. Well differentiated gonads are present in the silver eels. In the yellow eels, ranging in age from 0 + to 2 + years and from a length of 20 cm to that at which they become silver, undif-ferentiated and both sex gonads are found. Histological evidence is presented which suggests that the ovary, found even in young and small eels, is completely differentiated at a very early stage. The testis-like gonad of the yellow eel is a more primitive, and possibly reversible, gonad which differentiates completely at the beginning of sexual maturation and the change to the silver phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 252 (1987), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 0003-9861
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 295 (1982), S. 128-130 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The 'classical' picture of the radial structure of Saturn's rings explains its narrow gaps and boundaries as the consequence of resonant perturbations with certain satellites, in particular, Mimas, Titan and lapetus. Thus, for example, the inner part of the prominent Cassini division lies at a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 264 (1976), S. 344-345 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The asymmetry would arise in a ring of synchronously rotating, irregularly shaped, particles if there was a statistical tendency for the long axes of the particles to be inclined in the trailing sense with respect to the differential rotation. Such an orientation of the axes of the particles could ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 217 (1968), S. 156-157 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] What prevented this free nutation from being completely damped ? Many suggestions of mechanisms to excite the Chandler wobble have been put forward during the past seventy-five years, but none has proved satisfactory. The question is still considered by most geophysicists to be largely unanswered. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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