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  • Electronic Resource  (3)
  • Chemistry  (2)
  • Key words: Cathepsin E  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Cathepsin E ; Aspartic proteinase ; Osteoclasts ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (WKA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin E, a non-lysosomal aspartic proteinase, was investigated in rat osteoclasts using the monospecific antibody to this protein. At the light-microscopic level, the preferential immunoreactivity for cathepsin E was found at high levels in active osteoclasts in the physiological bone modeling process. Neighboring osteoblastic cells were devoid of its immunoreactivity. At the electron-microscopic level, cathepsin E was exclusively confined to the apical plasma membrane at the ruffled border of active osteoclasts and the eroded bone surface. Cathepsin E was also concentrated in some endocytotic vacuoles of various sizes in the vicinity of the ruffled border membrane, some of which appeared to be secondary lysosomes containing the phagocytosed materials. These results strongly suggest that this enzyme is involved both in the extracellular degradation of the bone organic matrix and in the intracellular breakdown of the ingested substances in osteoclasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1139-1156 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Um die Grundzüge der Wachstumsreaktion bei der kationischen Polymerisation aufzuklären, wird eine Übersicht der Untersuchungen über die Wirkung einer β-Methylgruppe auf die Reaktivität von Vinyläthern und Styrolen gegeben. Obwohl die Elektronendichte an einem β-Kohlenstoff durch eine β-Methylsubstitution erniedrigt wird, erhöht sich die Reaktivität von Vinyläthern durch die β-Methylgruppe. Es wird daher angenommen, daß im Übergangszustand der Wachstumsreaktion von Vinyläthern eine wachsende Kette mit den π-Elektronen des α-Kohlenstoffs und des Äthersauerstoffs und zusätzlich noch mit dem β-Kohlenstoff in Wechselwirkung tritt. Es ist berichtet worden, daß im unpolaren Lösungsmittel cis-Propenyläther mehrfach so reaktiv sind wie trans-Propenyläther. In einem polaren Lösungsmittel weisen jedoch cis- und trans-Propenyläther fast die gleiche Reaktivität auf, und bei Isopropyl- und tert-Butylpropenyläther, die eine große Alkoxylgruppe besitzen, zeigt sich, daß das trans-Isomere reaktiver ist als das cis-Isomere. Diese Erscheinungen lassen sich mit dem Modell des Übergangszustands, wie oben vorgeschlagen, erklären.
    Notes: To elucidate the feature of the propagation reaction in cationic polymerization, the studies on the effect of a β-methyl group on the reactivity of vinyl ethers and styrenes are summarized. Although the electron density on a β-carbon is decreased by β-methyl substitution, the β-methyl group increases the reactivity of vinyl ethers. Therefore, in the transition state of the propagation reaction of vinyl ethers, it is estimated that a propagating chain interacts with π-electrons of the α-carbon and ethereal oxygen in addition to the β-carbon. Cis-propenyl ethers have been reported to be several times as reactive as trans-propenyl ethers in a non-polar solvent. However, in a polar solvent, cis- and trans-propenyl ethers show nearly the same reactivity, and with isopropyl and tert-butyl propenyl ethers having a bulky alkoxyl group, the trans-isomer is found to be more reactive than the cis-isomer. These phenomena are interpreted by the transition state model proposed above.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 3603-3603 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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