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  • Electronic Resource  (6)
  • China  (2)
  • Drug discrimination  (2)
  • Radial-arm maze  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reusable and disposable cups: An energy-based evaluation (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 889-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: China ; Glass ; Hard plastic ; Paper ; Polystyrene foam cups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A group of five different types of reusable and disposable hot drink cups have been analyzed in detail with respect to their overall energy costs during fabrication and use. Electricity generating methods and efficiencies have been found to be key factors in the primary energy consumption for the washing of reusable cups and a less important factor in cup fabrication. In Canada or the United States, over 500 or more use cycles, reusable cups are found to have about the same or slightly more energy consumption, use for use, as moulded polystyrene foam cups used once and then discarded. For the same area paper cups used once and discarded are found to consume less fossil fuel energy per use than any of the other cup types examined. Details of this analysis, which could facilitate the comparative assessment of other scenarios, are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393618
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol impairs spatial memory through a cannabinoid receptor mechanism (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 126 (1996), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Radial-arm maze ; Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) ; Scopolamine ; Physostigmine ; SR141716A ; Cannabinoid antagonist ; Working memory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the cannabinoid and cholinergic systems impair working memory through a common mechanism. This hypothesis was tested by examining whether the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A would ameliorate radial-arm performance deficits caused by either the naturally occurring cannabinoid, Δ9-THC, or scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist. In addition, we evaluated whether the cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, would prevent Δ9-THC-induced impairment of spatial memory. Finally, because the locomotor suppressive effects of cannabinoids may decrease radial arm choice accuracy independent of a direct effect on memory, we examined the impact of increasing the intertrial error on radial arm choice accuracy. As previously reported, Δ9-THC impaired maze performance (ED50=3.0 mg/kg). Increasing the intertrial interval from 5 s to 30 s resulted in a three-fold increase in the amount of time required to complete the maze without affecting choice accuracy. Importantly, SR141716A prevented Δ9-THC-induced deficits in radial-arm choice accuracy in a dose-dependent manner (AD50=2.4 mg/kg); however, the cannabinoid antagonist failed to improve the disruptive effects of scopolamine. Conversely, physostigmine failed to improve performance deficits produced by Δ9-THC. These data provide strong evidence that Δ9-THC impairs working memory through direct action at cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, these results suggest that scopolamine and Δ9-THC do not impair spatial memory in a common serial pathway, though they may converge on a third neurochemical system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246347
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative pharmacology of nicotine and ABT-418, a new nicotinic agonist (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 120 (1995), S. 483-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ABT-418 ; Antinociception ; Hypothermia ; Locomotor activity ; Drug discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract ABT-418, a novel cholinergic ligand, was reported to possess potent cognitive-enhancing and anxiolytic properties in animal models with reduced side effects (Decker et al. 1994; Garvey et al. 1994) suggesting selectivity of effects. In this study, the binding properties of ABT-418 to [3H]-nicotine sites were evaluated and its pharmacology investigated in different tests in laboratory animals. ABT-418 binds with high affinity to3H-nicotine binding sites in the brain with, however, a Ki (6 nM) less than that of nicotine (four-fold). In addition, it acts as a full nicotinic agonist in producing hypomotility, hypothermia and antinociception in mice and engendering nicotine-like responding in rat drug discrimination. The potency of ABT-418 is three to four times less than that of nicotine in all of the animal models, except for hypothermia. In addition, its behavioral effects are completely blocked by mecamylamine, a non-competitive nicotinic antagonist. Although activation of nicotinic receptors by ABT-418 produced several behavioral and pharmacological effects, our results do not suggest high selectivity of different effects as reported by Decker et al. (1994) and Garvey et al. (1994). However, it should be noted that we did not perform some of these tests that produced effects at low doses (Decker et al. 1994) and additional pharmacological studies are needed to establish its selectivity at multiple nicotinic receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245822
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacological specificity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 118 (1995), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Δ9-THC ; Drug discrimination ; Benzodiazepines ; Specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract While many previous studies have shown that a variety of cannabinoids substitute and cross-substitute for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in drug discrimination procedures, few have systematically examined potential THC-like effects of non-cannabinoid compounds. The purpose of the present study was to delineate further the pharmacological specificity of THC discrimination. Rats were trained to discriminate THC (3.0 mg/kg) from vehicle. Following determination of a dose-effect curve with THC, substitution tests with selected compounds from a variety of pharmacological classes, includingl-phenylisopropyl adenosine, dizocilpine, dextromethorphan, clozapine, buspirone, MDL 72222, muscimol, midazolam and chlordiazepoxide, were performed. Whereas THC produced full dose-dependent substitution, substitution tests with non-cannabinoid drugs resulted in less than chance (50%) levels of responding on the THC-appropriate lever, with the exception of (+)-MDMA (2.5 mg/kg, 50%) and diazepam (3.0 mg/kg, 67%). These results are consistent with those of previous studies and suggest that the discriminative stimulus effects of THC exhibit pharmacological specificity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245942
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic or intrahippocampal cannabinoid administration impairs spatial memory in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 119 (1995), S. 282-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Radial-arm maze ; Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) ; CP-55,940 ; WIN-55,212-2 ; Anandamide ; Cannabidiol ; Hippocampus ; Antinociception ; Catalepsy ; Rectal temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the disruptive effects of cannabinoids on working memory as assessed in the eight-arm radial-maze. Systemic administration of Δ9-THC, WIN-55,212-2, and CP-55,940 increased the number of errors committed in the radial-maze. CP-55,940 was the most potent cannabinoid in impairing memory (ED50=0.13 mg/kg). Δ9-THC and WIN-55,212-2 disrupted mazechoice accuracy at equipotent doses (ED50 values =2.1 and 2.2 mg/kg, respectively). In addition, systemic administration of each of these agents retarded completion time. Whereas the doses of Δ9-THC and CP-55,940 required to retard maze performance were higher than those needed to increase error numbers, WIN-55,212-2 was equipotent in both of these measures. On the other hand, neither anandamide, the putative endogenous cannabinoid ligand, nor cannabidiol, an inactive naturally occurring cannabinoid, had any apparent effects on memory. A second aim of this study was to elucidate the neuroanatomical substrates mediating the disruptive effects of cannabinoids on memory. Intrahippocampal injections of CP-55,940 impaired maze performance in a dose-dependent manner (ED50=8 µg/rat), but did not retard the amount of time required to complete the maze. The effects of intrahippocampal CP-55,940 were apparently specific to cognition because no other cannabinoid pharmacological effects (e.g., antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy) were detected. This dissociation between choice accuracy in the radial-maze and other cannabinoid pharmacological effects suggests that the working memory deficits produced by cannabinoids may be mediated by cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246292
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Family support, financial needs, and health care needs of rural elderly in China: A field study (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of cross-cultural gerontology 14 (1999), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0719
    Keywords: China ; Family support ; Financial needs ; Health care needs ; Rural elderly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined family support, financial needs, and health care needs of 100 elderly persons in a rural county in China. Data revealed that immediate family members helped elderly persons with activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and that adult children also provided financial assistance to most of the elderly. However, only eight percent of the elderly persons reported that they had adequate financial resources. In the four villages surveyed, collective health care systems had collapsed in the early 1980's. Due to high costs of health care and the absence of government support, almost two thirds of the elderly persons had unmet needs for health care. In addition, elderly persons who reported poor health were more likely to have unmet financial and health care needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006607707655
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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