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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-dose theophylline increases urine output in diuretic-dependent critically ill children (1998)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 24 (1998), S. 1099-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Adenosine ; cAMP ; Dopamine ; Diuretic ; Theophylline ; Phosphodiesterase inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Determine the effect of low-dose theophylline on urine output and the urinary adenosine: cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) excretion ratio (a measure of phosphodiesterase inhibition) in diuretic-dependent critically ill children. Design: Observational clinical case series and animal laboratory experiment. Setting: A university pediatric intensive care unit and a pharmacology research laboratory. Patients: 10 consecutive oliguric patients treated with theophylline for diuresis. Interventions: Urine output, fluid intake, diuretic dosages, and number of pressors (including dopamine) were monitored over the 24-h period prior to and the 24-h period immediately after theophylline was started. Hourly collections of urine were obtained at baseline and 1 and 3 h after theophylline was started and urinary excretion rates of adenosine and cAMP were measured and calculated. Measurements and results: Mean theophylline level in the children was 5.0 μg/ml. Urine output increased from 1.58 ± 0.46 to 3.75 ± 0.77 ml/kg per h (p = 0.008, paired t-test) after theophylline administration. There was no significant change in fluid intake, vasoactive agents, or dosages of other diuretics during the study periods. Intrarenal infusion of the IC50 concentration of isobutylmethylxanthine for phosphodiesterase activity resulted in a reduction of the adenosine: cAMP urinary excretion ratio in rats (p 〈 0.05). Low-dose theophylline had no effect on the adenosine: cAMP urinary excretion ratio in children. Concurrent therapy with dopamine was associated with an enhanced diuretic effect of theophylline (with dopamine, 1.30 ± 0.30 to 5.07 ± 0.77 ml/kg per h vs without dopamine, 1.77 ± 0.76 to 2.86 ± 1.08 ml/kg per h; p = 0.03, two-way ANOVA). There was no interaction between dopamine and low-dose theophylline on the urinary adenosine: cAMP excretion ratio (p = 0.56, two-way ANOVA). Conclusions: Theophylline increased urine output in diuretic-dependent critically ill children and the diuretic effect may have been potentiated by concurrent use of dopamine. Adenosine receptor antagonism may be a more likely mechanism for the diuretic effect of theophylline than phosphodiesterase inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340050723
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Traffic Management and Transport Mode on the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Carbon Monoxide (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: carbon monoxide ; traffic management ; transport mode ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The exposure to CO of schoolchildren was assessed in the town of Northampton, UK, both by direct measurement and by GIS-based activity modelling. Personal measurement of CO showed that exposures when travelling by car were significantly greater than those when walking, although journey times by car were shorter. However, journey exposures had little effect on maximum 8h mean CO exposures. CO concentration fields in the study area were modelled from current traffic flows, and those expected under different traffic management scenarios. These fields were then used, in combination with children's home and school location, and their activity profiles, to simulate frequency distributions of exposure for different transport modes and traffic management scenarios. The results show a large variability in the effect of traffic management interventions, depending on the child's home and school location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006431301620
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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