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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central mediation of the conditioned taste aversion induced in rats by harmaline (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 384-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracerebral drug application ; Memory ; Neophobia ; Oliva inferior ; Saccharin preference ; Learning under anesthesia ; Cerebellar tremor ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The assumption that drugs used as unconditioned stimuli in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) studies act centrally was tested by comparing the effects of systemic and intracerebral injections of harmaline hydrochloride (H) in 340 rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 5–20 mg/kg but not of 2.5 mg/kg H administered 5 min after 15-min saccharin (0.1%) drinking decreased saccharin-water preference in a two-choice retention test, performed 48 h later, from 55% to 20%. Since CTA was not diminished when H (10 mg/kg) was injected into rats anesthetised immediately after saccharin drinking by pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), H (1.7–50 μg) was administered intracerebrally to anesthetised rats fixed in the stereotaxic apparatus. Injection of 3–6 μg H into the inferior olive elicited CTA comparable to that of systemic injection of 10 mg/kg H. Injections of 6 and 50 μg H into cerebellum and bulbar reticular formation elicited weaker CTA while neocortical, hypothalamic and mesencephalic applications were ineffective. CTA could also be elicited when 50 μg but not 6 μg H was injected into the inferior olive 1 or 2 h after saccharin drinking. This delay-dependent effect and failure of non-contingent H administration to change saccharin preference indicates that the H-induced CTA is not contaminated by a non-specific increase in neophobia. It is concluded that H probably elicits CTA by activation of caudal bulbar structures, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema and lateral reticular formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428552
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of prolonged cortical spreading depression on consolidation of visual engrams in rats (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Memory ; Consolidation ; Cortical Spreading Depression ; Potassium Chloride ; Pattern Discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of prolonged cortical spreading depression (PCSD) on the retention of a visual discrimination was examined in 213 hooded rats. PCSD was maintained for 5 h by repeated application of 25% KCl onto the exposed cortical surface. Behavioral tests were performed 24 or more h before and/or after the treatment. A single application of 25% KCl did not affect subsequent acquisition of a horizontal-vertical discrimination, the learning of which took 140% and 125% to-criterion trials 1 and 3 days after PCSD. Whereas a single application of 25% KCl did not impair retention of the pattern discrimination learnt in a single session 24 h earlier, PCSD caused severe amnesia under the above conditions and partial amnesia even for pattern discriminations overlearned in 3 sessions. The amnesic effect nearly disappeared, however, when the habit was overlearned for 14 days, or when the engram established in a single session was allowed to consolidate for 2 weeks. When PCSD was applied 24 h after a single learning session amnesia was more marked on day 3 after treatment, and retrieval hardly improved over 2 weeks. In an experiment in which 14 sessions of black-white discrimination training were followed by a single session of horizontal-vertical training, PCSD evoked 24 h after acquisition of the pattern discrimination caused complete amnesia for the latter habit without affecting retrieval of the former one. The relevance of these findings to the consolidation hypothesis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404059
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditioned taste aversion induced in rats by intracerebral or systemic administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracerebral drug application ; Memory ; N. raphé magnus ; Clorgyline ; Pargyline ; Deprenyl ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) elicited by systemic or intracerebral application of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors clorgyline (C), pargyline (P) or deprenyl (D) was studied in 402 rats. Water-deprived animals were allowed 15 min access to 0.1% sodium saccharin (CS) followed 10 min later by IP or by intracerebral injection of the drug. In the latter case, the animals were anesthetized 5 min after saccharin drinking with pentobarbital and the drug was stereotaxically injected (1 μl/min, 1–2 μl) into the target structure. CTA was assessed in a two-choice retention test performed 2 days later. A geometric progression of three to six dosages applied to groups of rats (n=10) was employed to establish the effective doses of the drugs which were 4, 20 and 32 mg/kg with IP and 2.5, 10 and 80 μg per rat with intracerebral (n. raphé magnus) injections of C, P, and D, respectively. The ratios of intracerebral to systemic dosages eliciting comparable CTA were 1:300 for C, 1:800 for P and 1:100 for D. Injections of 2.5 μg C and 10 μg P into the mesencephalic reticular formation, medial hypothalamus and cerebral cortex were ineffective, as were injections of 10 μg P into the nucleus of the solitary tract and cerebellum. The results indicate that CTA is elicited more efficiently by inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (selectively inhibited by C) than of monoamine oxidase B (selectively inhibited by D).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217064
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Piracetam-induced facilitation of interhemispheric transfer of visual information in rats (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 46 (1976), S. 93-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Learning ; Memory ; Spreading depression ; Engram ; Pattern discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Piracetam (UCB 6215, 2-pyrrolidone-acetamide) on learning mediated by transcommissural information flow was studied in hooded rats. Acquisition of monocular pattern discrimination was faster in drug-treated rats (100 mg/kg, 30 min before training) than in untreated controls. Subsequent relearning with one hemisphere functionally eliminated by cortical spreading depression showed that the strength of the primary engram formed under Piracetam in the hemisphere contralateral to the trained eye remained unaffected but that the secondary trace (in the ipsilateral hemisphere) was considerably improved and almost equalled the primary one (savings increased from 20–30% to 50–60%). Learning with uncrossed optic fibers was unaffected by the drug. Interhemispheric transfer of lateralized visual engrams acquired during functional hemidecortication was facilitated by Piracetam administration preceding the five transfer trials performed with the untrained eye open (imperative transfer). Piracetam was ineffective when the trained eye was open during transfer trials (facultative transfer). After a visual engram had been lateralized by 5 days of monocular overtraining, Piracetam facilitated formation of the secondary engram induced by 3 interocular transfer trials. It is concluded that Piracetam enhances transcommissural encoding mechanisms activated in the initial stage of monocular learning and in some forms of interhemispheric transfer, but does not affect the transcommissural readout. This effect is interpreted as a special case of the Piracetam-induced facilitation of the phylogenetically old mechanisms of redundant information storage which improve liminal or subnormal learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421555
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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