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  • Electronic Resource  (24)
  • 11
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 108 (1992), S. 259-275 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 64 (1998), S. 149-162 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Pitcairn Hotspot, ca. 60 km östlich von der Insel Pitcairn, besteht aus mehreren noch aktiven Vulkanen, die bis zu 500m unter dem Meeresspiegel aufragen. Die Hotspot Gesteinsproben können vier Vulkanittypen zugeordnet werden: (1) Pikritbasalt mit Ti-reichem Chromit (8–10 Gew.% TiO2); (2) Alkalibasalt (Ti-reicher Chromit, 4–6 Gew.% TiO2); (3) Trachyandesit mit Titanomagnetit (18–22 Gew.% TiO2); und Sulfiden sowie (4) Trachyt (Titanomagnetit, 19–23 Gew.% TiO2); Die Metalloxyde haben, verbunden mit abnehmendem TiO2-Gehalt, einen Zonarbau vom Kern zum Rand. Eine Kristallfraktionierung (〈 60 %) ist Hauptursache für die Differenzierung der vier Vulkanittypen aus einer angereicherten Magmenquelle. Pyrrhotit und sehr wening Chalkopyrit als Kontaktphase zum Pyrrhotit sind nur im Trachyandesit (3) in Clustern mit idiomorphen Kristalleinsprenglingen im Kontakt mit Titanomagnetit gefunden worden. Weiterhin bedecken große idiomorphe Pyrrhotit plättchen, davon einige mit hexagonalem Habitus, die Wände der Gasblasen. Die Variationsbreite des Fe/S aller Pyrrhotite ist mit 0,90-0,99 gering. Die Pyrrhotite in den Clustern sind früher als oder gleichzeitig mit Titanomagnetit im Magmenreservoir während der Kristall-Schmelze Fraktionierung auskristallisiert. Die spät gebildeten Pyrrhotite in den Gasblasen sind durch einen Diffusionsprozeß von Fe aus der trachyandesitischen Schmelze entstanden. Eisen diffundierte aus der glasigen Grundmasse in die Hohlräume und reagierte dort mit Schwefel, der als volatiler Bestandteil vorlag.
    Notes: Summary The Pitcairn hotspot, located about 60 km east of Pitcairn Island (South Pacific), consists of several active volcanoes 〈 500 m below sea level. The volcanic rocks from these seamounts are classified in four main rock-types: (1) picritic basalt containing Ti-bearing chromite (8–10 wt.% TiO2); (2) alkali basalt (Ti-bearing chromite with 4–6 wt.% TiO2); (3) trachyandesite containing titanomagnetite (18–22 wt.% TiO2); and sulfides, and (4) trachyte (titanomagnetite with 19–23 wt.% TiO2); The metallic oxides are zoned with decreasing Tîl02 contents from core to rim. Crystal fractionation (〉 60%) is the main process responsible for differentiating these rock-types from an enriched source. Pyrrhotite and rare chalcopyrite grains in contact with pyrrhotite are observed only in the trachyandesite (3) in disseminated phenocryst clusters, usually in contact with large euhedral titanomagnetite phenocrysts. In addition, large euhedral pyrrhotite flakes, some with hexagonal habit, coat the walls of vesicles. All these pyrrhotite grains show a small range in Fe/S (0.90–0.99). The pyrrhotite in clusters precipitated earlier or simultaneously with titanomagnetite in a magmatic reservoir during crystal-liquid fractionation. Late precipitated vesicle pyrrhotite was formed by diffusion of Fe from the trachyandesitic liquid after the formation of the vesicles. Iron diffused from the glassy groundmass into the vesicle and reacted there with sulfur-bearing volatiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: hot spot ; geology ; Teahitia ; structure ; morphology ; volcanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Teahitia-Mehetia hot spot region located in the southeastern extension of the Society Islands chain, near 18° S–148° W consists of several active volcanoes. The distribution of recent volcanic activity correlates with seismic epicenters, and covers an area of more than 1000 km2. Intermittent volcanic activity has given rise to large (〉1000 m high) and small (〈500 m high) edifices composed of various types of flows. Several recent volcanic events have produced a suite of alkalic rocks ranging from ankaramites, through alkali basalts to trachy-phonolites. The presence of altered MORB-like tholeiites on one small seamount suggests that a different mantle source material was involved in forming some of the crust in this hot spot region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: Structure ; morphology ; petrology ; peridotite-basalt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The St. Paul F.Z. is a large structural domain made up of multiple transform faults interrupted by several Intra-Transform Ridge (ITR) spreading segments. Two regions were studied in details by submersible: (1) The ITR short (〈20 km in length) segment near 0° 37′N–25° 27′W and 1° N–27° 42′W and (2) The St. Peter and St. Paul's Rocks (SPPR) massif located at 29° 25′W (¡3700 m depth). (1) The short ITR segments consist of a magma starved rift valley with recent volcanic activities at 4700 m depth. A geological profile made along the rift valley wall showed localized volcanics (basalts and dykes) which are believed to overlay and intrude the ultramafics. The geological setting and the high ultramafic/volcanic ratio suggest an extremely low magmatic supply and crustal-mantle uplift during lithospheric stretching and denudation. (2) The St. Peter and St. Paul's Rocks (SPPR) massif consists of a sigmoidal ridge within the active transform zone. The SPPR is divided into two different geological domains called the North and the South Ridges. The North Ridge consists of strongly tectonized fault scarps composed of banded and mylonitized peridotite, sporadic gabbros (3900–2500 m) and metabasalts (2700–1700 m). The South Ridge is less tectonized with undeformed, serpentinized spinel lherzolite (2000–1400 m) and basalts. Extensional motion and denudation accompanied by diapirism affected the South Ridge within a transform domain. Instead, the North Ridge was formed during an important strike-slip and faulting motion resulting in the uplifted portion of the St. Paul F.Z. transverse ridge. There is a regional compositional variation of the volcanics where E-MORBs and alkali basalts are produced on the SPPR massif and are comparable to the adjacent northern segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. On the other hand, N and T- MORBs collected from the eastern part of the St. Paul F.Z. (25° 27′ W IRT) are similar to the volcanics from the southern segments of the MAR. The peridotites exposed in these provinces (SPPR and ITR) are similar in their REE and trace element distribution. Different degrees (3–15%) of partial melting of a mixed composite mantle consisting of spinel and amphibole bearing lherzolite veined with 5–40% clinopyroxenite gave rise to the observed MORBs and alkali basalts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A submersible study of a fast spreading (12 cm yr-1) Mid-Ocean ridge segment (East Pacific Rise near 12°50′ N) led to the discovery of intense hydrothermal activity. Twenty four sites with active vents and sixty inactive hydrothermal deposits were found within a narrow graben averaging about 300 m in width along a 20 km long segment of the ridge crest. The graben is floored with fresh basaltic sheet flows including collapsed pits or lava lake structures. From both deep towed camera stations and manned submersible observations, it is estimated that the average spacing between the ridge axis hydrothermal deposits averaging in size 10–50 m in diameter lies between 100 to 200 m. The hydrothermal deposits found in the central graben are believed to have formed rapidly (on the order of a few decades). Detailed investigations of one active site have enabled us to witness the growth of an active chimney which increased its height by 40 cm in 5 days i.e. 8 cm per day. Extensive hydrothermal deposits were discovered on an off-axis seamount located 6 km East of the ridge axis. The hydrothermal deposits found on both the ridge axis and on the seamount are similar in composition and consist essentially of zinc, copper and iron mineral phases. Chemical studies conducted on the venting fluids (320°C) showed that the concentration of the dissolved major metal ions (Fe, Mn, and Zn) is about 0.10–0.13 gl-1. If we accept an average flow rate of 10ls-1 based on visual observations the mass of metallic products spewing out from an active chimney must be about 100 kg per day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: volcanology ; hotspot ; Pacific ; Macdonald ; petrology ; Austral Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The southeastern extension of the Austral Islands volcanic chain terminates near 29°S, 140°W at the active Macdonald Seamount. The ‘hotspot’ region near Macdonald consists of at least five other volcanic edifices each more than 500 m high, included in an area about 50–100 km in diameter. On the basis of the sea-floor topography, the southeastern limit of the hotspot area is located about 20 km east of the base of Macdonald, where it is defined by the 3950 m isobath. At the edge of the hotspot area, there is a marked deepening of the seafloor from c.3900 m down to 4000–4300 m. The deeper sea-floor is faulted and heavily sedimented. The Macdonald volcano itself stands 3760 m above the surrounding seafloor, and has a basal diameter of 45 km. Its summit in January 1987 was 39 m below sea level, and it seems likely that Macdonald will emerge at the surface in the near future. Recent (March and November 1986) phreatic explosions on Macdonald Seamount erupted fragments of ultramafic and mafic plutonic blocks together with basic lapilli (volcaniclastic sand). The plutonic blocks have been variably altered and metamorphosed, and in some cases show signs of mineralisation (disseminated sulphides). The blocks presumably come from deeper levels in the volcanic system. The volcanics so far dredged from Macdonald consist of olivine and clinopyroxene cumulus-enriched basalts, evolved basalts, and mugearite. On the basis of incompatible element variations, simple crystal fractionation seems to be controlling the chemical evolution of Macdonald magmas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Offset Spreading Center located between 12°52′ and 12°54′ N on the East Pacific Rise (Macdonald and Fox, 1983) has been studied in 1982 and 1984 with submersible Cyana and in 1983 with the deep towed vehicle Seamarc I. The two O.S.C. segments, about 1.5 km apart and 4 km in length, separated by a ‘depression’ (about 100 m in depth) show different volcano-tectonic settings. The Western Spreading Center (WSC) segment is characterised mainly by recent volcanic constructional features, while the Eastern Spreading Center (ESC) is highly fissured and consists essentially of older pillow-lava terrain. The intervening ‘depression’ located between the two segments is floored by small constructional mounds (〈10 m in height) of pillow lava. The crust of both segments becomes older along strike towards their respective tips. However, the W.S.C. comprises generally younger flows than does the E.S.C. A small central volcano (80 m in height and 1 km in diameter) located near 12°51′ N near the Southern tip of the W.S.C. contains a different type of volcanics than that found on both spreading centers. The volcanics collected along the O.S.C. ridges are depleted tholeiites, with low K2O (〈0.15%), Na2O (〈3%) and TiO2 (〈1.76%) contents, comparable to other MORB from the axial graben of the E.P.R. south of the area of overlap. Instead the specimen from the small volcano is enriched in K2O (〉0.2%), Na2O (〉3%) and TiO2 (2%). Although there is a morphological overlap of the spreading centers in the study area there is no overlap in the present active axial volcanic zones. The bottom observations suggest that the Western spreading center is younger than the E.S.C. and thus that the W.S.C. could be propagating to the south.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 250 (1974), S. 558-560 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Topographic cross section of the Rift Valley near 36° 50'N, based on surface-ship data2, showing the setting of the Inner Floor in the area of the Archimede dives (Fig. 2). Needham and Francheteau2 showed that, in the area visited by Archimsde, steep, inward facing slopes of the deepest ...
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