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  • 2005-2009
  • 1960-1964  (113)
  • 1962  (113)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (113)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal degradation of some epoxy resinsPresented at the IUPAC International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Moscow, June 1960. (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 56 (1962), S. 383-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradation of epoxy resins was studied in a static system over the temperature range 300-450°C. The reaction proceeds without an induction period, the initial rate being maximum. The rate W increases with temperature according to the law W = Ae-E/RT. The effective activation energy was 35 kcal./mole. The reaction products consist of gases, a resinous liquid, and a solid residue. The liquid has practically the same spectral characteristics in the infrared as the initial epoxy compound. In the infrared spectrum of the residue the bands characteristic of the epoxy group are absent. Water and formaldehyde were found among the liquid products. Methane and carbon monoxide were found in large amounts by means of a chromatographic method. In the thermal degradation of the unhardened epoxy resin the low molecular fraction volatilizes, and the high molecular fraction degrades liberating the radical which isomerizes and decomposes to CO and ĊH3. The methyl radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from the polymer and is converted to methane. The RO—ĊH2 radical formed on liberation of the epoxy group yields formaldehyde. Among the gaseous products formed in the thermal degradation of the epoxy resin hardened by polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) were found H2, CO, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6, and C3H8. Ethane, ethylene, propylene, and propane are possibly produced by decomposition of the PEPA radical. The thermooxidative degradation of epoxy resins was investigated in a static system. The reaction was shown to be of the degenerate branching chain type. The dependence of the induction period on the oxygen pressure and on the temperature was determined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1205616408
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initiation of emulsion polymerisation by gamma-irradiation. II. Rates of polymerisation in directly initiated and latex-seeded polymerisationsBased on sections of Ph.D. Thesis of J.M.D., Birmingham, 1957. (1962)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 58 (1962), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kinetik und Mechanismus von durch Gamma-Strahlen angeregten Emulsionpolymerisationen wurden untersucht. Emulsionen von Styrol oder von Methylmethacrylat, die entweder durch direkte Bestrahlung oder durch Bestrahlung präparierter Polyvinylacetat-Latices polymerisiert wurden, richten sich nach einem SMITH-EWART-Mechanismus (Fall II). Emulsionen von Vinylacetat polymerisierten langsamer, als die SMITH-EWART-Theorie vorhersagt, und wurden in ihrer Geschwindigkeit wahrscheinlich durch Nebenreaktionen verlangsamt.
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanism of emulsion polymerisations initiated by gamma-irradiation were investigated. Styrene and methyl methacrylate emulsions polymerised either by direct irradiation or by polyvinyl acetate latices, prepared by irradiation, conformed to a SMITH-EWART Case II mechanism. Vinyl acetate emulsions polymerised more slowly than predicted by the SMITH-EWART theory and were probably retarded by side reactions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1962.020580110
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular weight distribution in free-radical polymerizations involving transient linkagesPresented at the IUPAC International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Moscow, June 1960. (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 56 (1962), S. 441-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1205616415
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of M̄n from osmotic pressure measurements (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 60 (1962), S. S21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1206016915
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vulkanisatstruktur, relaxation und reißfestigkeit von polyisoprenenHerrn Prof. Dr., Dr. h.c., Dr. e.h., Dr. h.c. OTTO BAYER zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1962)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 58 (1962), S. 104-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The tensile strength of loaded sulphur vulcanizates is the lower, the more the specimen has undergone deformation after exposure to a definite stress. With equal tensile strength this deformation is proportional to the square of the filler concentration. Along with this deformation the volume of the elongated specimen increases through the formation of inner stress cracks. The rupture originates in the neighbourhood of the filler particles already at lower stresses. It is influenced by the size of the filler particles as well as by the chemical nature of the filler and by the structure of the network.Encouraged by these results we checked the network structure. We examined the stresses at higher elongations, the photoelastic homogenity, and the turbidities and viscosities of solutions of the degraded vulcanisates, and found small local variations of crosslinking density and differences in the amount of chain ends which are elastically ineffective. The number of these chain ends and the local variations of cross-linking density may greatly increase during vulcanisation, and may substantially reduce the tensile-strength.
    Notes: Die Reißfestigkeit von schwach gefüllten Schwefelvulkanisaten der 1,4-cis-Polyisoprene ist um so geringer, je mehr sich die Proben nach Aufheben einer bestimmten Belastung deformiert haben. Diese Deformation ist bei gleicher Reißfestigkeit dem Quadrat der Füllstoffkonzentration proportional. Mit dieser Deformation vergößert sich auch das Volumen bei der Dehnung durch Bildung innerer Spannungsrisse. Das Zerrißen beginnt in der Nähe der Füllstoffteilchen, meist schon bei geringen Spannungen. Es wird durch die Größe der Teilchen sowie durch die chemische Natur des Füllstoffs und die Struktur des Netzwerks beeinflußt.Bei der durch diese Ergebnisse angeregten Prüfung der Netzwerkstruktur werden durch Untersuchung der Spannungen bei hoher Dehnung, der spannungsoptischen Homogenität sowie der Trübung und der Viskosität von Abbaulösungen der Vulkanisate in geringem Maße örtliche Schwankungen der Vernetzungsdichte und Unterschiede in der Menge der nicht in das Netzwerk eingebauten Kettenenden gefunden. Die Menge der Kettenenden und die örtlichen Schwankungen der Netzwerkdichte können während der Vulkanisation stark erhöht werden und setzen die Reißfestigkeit bedeutend herab.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1962.020580106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Di-isotactic polymers of cis- and trans-β-chloro-vinyl ethers and factors determining their steric configurations (1962)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 55 (1962), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige cis- und trans-β-Chlorvinyl-alkyläther sind stereospezifisch polymerisiert worden, wobei kristalline Polymere erhalten wurden. Die sterischen Strukturen des Poly-cis- und des Poly-trans-β-chlorvinylbutyläthers unterscheiden sich darin, daß der erstere eine erythro- und der letztere eine threo-di-isotaktische Struktur besitzt. Diese Ergebnisse beweisen, daß in beiden Fällen eine cis-Addition an die Doppelbindung stattfindet; d.h., daß der sterische Polymerisationstyp für die beiden Formen identisch ist.Es werden außerdem einige Gesichtspunkte des Mechanismus der stereospezifischen Polymerisation von mono-olefinischen Monomeren diskutiert. Außer dem Typ der Öffnung der Doppelbindung (cis oder trans), der die sterischen Verhältnisse im Innern der einzelnen Monomereinheiten bestimmt, wird die Art des Angriffs des Monomeren auf die Ketten in Betracht gezogen. Dieser kann auf der einen oder auf der anderen Seite der beiden enantiomorphen Flächen (D oder L) des Monomeren in konstanter oder in alternierender Weise stattfinden. Dieser sterische Angriff bestimmt die strukturellen Beziechungen zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Monomereinheiten.
    Notes: Some cis- and trans-β-chlorovinyl alkyl ethers were polymerized in a stereospecific way, and crystalline polymers.The steric structures of poly(cis-) and poly(trans-β-chloro vinyl butyl ethers) are different one from another, and more precisely of the erythro and threo di-isotactic type respectively. These results demonstrate a steric polymerization mechanism, which is identical in both forms, with a cis opening of the double bond.Moreover some aspects of the stereospecific polymerization mechanism of mono-olefinic monomers are discussed. Beside the type of opening of the double bond (cis or trans), determining the steric ratios inside each monomeric unit, also the mode of attack of the monomer to the chain is considered here. It can take place on one or on the other of the two enantiomer faces (D or L) of the monomer in a constant or in an alternated way. Such a steric attack determines the structural relationships between subsequent monomeric units.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1962.020550111
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die polymerisation von N-vinylcarbazol mit hilfe aliphatischer nitroverbindungen (1962)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 56 (1962), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A description is given of the polymerisation of N-vinylcarbazole in the presence of aliphatic nitroderivatives, which determine in this case the development of the reaction by a cationic mechanism.Further the kinetics of this special polymerisation are shown and the chemical activity of the aliphatic nitroderivatives in the polymerisation process is demonstrated.
    Notes: Es wird die Polymerisation des N-Vinylcarbazols in Gegenwart aliphatischer Nitroverbindungen, die durch kationischen Mechanismus wirken, beschrieben. Weiterhin wird über die Kinetik dieser speziellen Polymerisation sowie über die chemische Reaktionsfähigkeit der aliphatischen Nitroverbindungen in den Polymerisationsprozessen berichtet.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1962.020560101
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Esters of polyvinyl alcohol and sulfuric acidPresented at the IUPAC International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Moscow, June 1960. (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 56 (1962), S. 245-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The alcoholysis of polyvinyl acetate in ethyl alcohol solution catalyzed by sulfuric acid is accompanied by a side reaction leading to formation of a certain amount of polyvinyl sulfate. Aqueous solutions of the polyvinyl monosulfates possess a comparatively high emulsifying capacity, which increases with increase in the bound sulfur content, comprising 0.06-0.08% for 1-5% sulfuric acid in the reaction medium. Attempts to incorporate the sulfate group to a great degree with the objective of obtaining sulfated polymers of specific properties (efficient emulsifiers, stabilizers, ion exchangers etc.) did not yield satisfactory results when methods described in the literature were employed. Direct sulfation of polyvinyl acetate with subsequent conversion to polyvinyl alcohol or the sulfation of polyvinyl alcohol, to obtain a derivative with a large ester content, is impossible, owing to stereochemical hindrance. Because of this we investigated the possibility of sulfating the polymer during the process of alcoholysis of polyvinyl acetate in ethyl alcohol. It was found that under the reaction conditions for various amounts of acetate residual groups polyvinyl alcohol may be obtained with a varying content of acid or neutral esters. Under the chosen conditions a hitherto undescribed acid sulfuric acid ester of polyvinyl alcohol with 10-15% bound sulfur content was obtained. In contrast to the original polyvinyl alcohol soluble in water this sulfur-containing product dissolved in ethyl alcohol, water or aqueous alcohol. Neutral sulfates of polyvinyl alcohol are soluble only in ethanol but not in water. The acid sulfates possess high emulsifying and stabilizing properties. If the reaction is carried out in methanol, esterification of the acid sulfuric acid ester of polyvinyl alcohol takes place as a side reaction. The resultant products are devoid of emulsifying properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1205616321
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR study of amylose (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 56 (1962), S. S21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1205616335
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymers of dimethylketene having prevailingly polyacetalic structure (1962)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 148-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Polymerisation von Dimethylketen in ätherischer Lösung in Gegenwart von LiC4H9 oder LiOC4H9 wurde ein neues kristallines Polymeres hergestellt, dem eine Polyacetalstruktur zugeschrieben werden muß. Die IR-Spektren zeigen die charakteristischen Banden der C=C-Doppelbindung. Die Ergebnisse des Kettenabbaus durch saure Alkoholyse und Hydrogenolyse mit LiAlH4 bestätigen die Anwesenheit von Acetalbindungen.Es wurde deutliche Übereinstimmung der chemischen Reaktionsfähigkeit von acetalartigem Polydimethylketen und von Polyisobutyraldehyd festgestellt.
    Notes: By polymerizing dimethylketene in ether solution in the presence of lithium derivatives such as LiC4H9 and LiOC4H9, a new crystalline polymer has been prepared, to which an essentially polyacetalic structure can be assigned. The I.R. spectra show the characteristic bands of a earbon-earbon double bond; the results of the chain degradation by acid alcoholysis and hydrogenolysis with LiAlH4 agree with the presence of acetalie bonds.A clear likeness between the chemical reactivity of acetalic polydimethylketene and that of polyisobutyraldehyde has been found.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1962.020510114
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