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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 100-115 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Pacinian corpuscles ; Cutaneous afferents ; Peripheral encoding ; Skin sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The properties of mechanosensitive units with large myelinated afferents were determined in the hairless skin of the central pad of the cat's hind foot, and the total afferent outflow from this region after short skin indentations and during constant force stimuli was measured in the plantar nerves. Basically three types of mechanosensitive units with afferent conduction velocities above 40 m/s were found: (a) receptors with the properties of Pacinian corpuscles (PC-receptors); (b) receptors which showed burst discharges for up to 500 ms after the onset of a constant force stimulus (RA-receptors); and (c) receptors which discharged throughout a constant force stimulus (SA-receptors). The afferent conduction velocities of these units were in the same range as those of receptors from the surrounding hairy skin. A considerable proportion of receptors from both skin areas had no collaterals in the dorsal columns. The afferent outflow after short skin indentations of up to 5 μ displacement consisted of impulses from PC-receptors only. Stimuli of 20 μ recruited between 50 and 100 afferent units of which less than 10% were other than PC-units. During constant force stimuli the afferent outflow came from SA-receptors only. Ten seconds after stimulus onset a 500 g stimulus evoked an afferent discharge of about 1000 imp/s and a 1000 g stimulus of about 1700 imp/s. At all times a power function of the form F=K · (S−S0)n related the afferent discharge F to the stimulus intensity S. The exponents were around n=0.5 and tended to increase in the course of the stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 116-129 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cutaneous afferents ; Primary afferent depolarization ; Presynaptic inhibition ; Surround inhibition ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In five types of mechanoreceptor afferents of the cat's hind foot, the primary afferent depolarization (PAD) induced by mechanical skin stimulation was measured by testing the excitability of their terminations in the dorsal horn. Two types of skin stimuli were used to set up activity in distinct populations of rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors respectively. The experiments revealed that two systems exist to generate PAD in cutaneous afferents, both being of negative feedback character. One system is activated by impulses from rapidly adapting low threshold receptors and preferentially depolarizes the terminals of such afferents, and correspondingly, the other system is activated by and operates on the slowly adapting units. In both PAD systems the size of the depolarization is graded depending on the stimulus strength. Further, the “tonic” system displays a “surround” pattern of organization similar to that of the “phasic” system which has already been described (Schmidt et al. 1967b). In the discussion the operational relationships of both systems and their functional implications are outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 83 (1968), S. 372-386 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 3-M, ein Oxidationsprodukt der Indol-3-essigsäure, hemmt den Transport von Auxinen durch Koleoptilen (Hager und Schmidt, 1968); seine Wirkungsweise wird untersucht. Werden 1 mm lange Segmente von Maiskoleoptilen mit IES-2-14C inkubiert, so ist bei Anwesenheit von 3-M eine jeweils höhere Konzentration von markiertem Wuchsstoff im Gewebe festzustellen (“apparente Aufnahme”). Da aber der Influx von IES-2-14C in die Segmente (“reelle Aufnahme”) durch Zugabe von 3-M in den ersten 30 min überhaupt nicht verändert wird, muß die Auxinakkumulation eine andere Ursache haben: Die aktive Abgabe, d.h. die Sekretion von IES-2-14C aus 1 mm langen Koleoptilsegmenten in die Außenlösung, erfährt durch 3-M eine sehr starke Erniedrigung. Sie muß als Ursache des verringerten polaren Wuchsstofftransports angesehen werden. 3-M wirkt also ähnlich wie der künstliche Transporthemmstoff TIBA. Der polare Transport von NES-1-14C durch Koleoptilsegmente wird wie der des Auxins bei Zugabe von 3-M, von TIBA und durch Belichtung der Koleoptilen gehemmt. Aus den obigen Befunden, ferner weil 3-M wichtige Stoffwechsel-prozesse, wie z.B. die Atmung, nicht beeinflußt, andererseits eine Bindung mit SH-Gruppen-haltigen Substanzen (Cystein) eingeht, wird auf eine direkte Beeinflussung des Auxintransportsystems durch 3-M geschlossen. Es wird angenommen, daß die wuchsstoffsezernierenden Areale (“Permeasen”), welche sich in den äußeren Plasmagrenzschichten und hauptsächlich im basalen Bereich der Zelle befinden oder dort aktiv tätig sein sollen (polarer Transport!), durch 3-M teilweise blockiert werden können (möglicherweise durch eine Adduktbildung des 3-M mit SH-Gruppen der “Permeasen”). Als eine mögliche Ursache der Wuchsstoffquerverschiebung beim Phototropismus wird die asymmetrische photooxidative Bildung von 3-M in jeder einzelnen, seitlich belichteten Zelle und eine daraus resultierende laterale Wuchsstoffabgabe diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 3-M, an oxidation product of IAA, inhibits the transport of auxin through coleoptiles (Hager and Schmidt, 1968); the mode of action of this inhibition has been investigated. During incubation of 1 mm long sections of corn coleoptiles with IAA-2-14C, the presence of 3-M increases the concentrations of labeled auxin in the tissue. Since the influx of IAA-2-14C into the sections is not at all changed during the first 30 minutes, the accumulation of auxin has to be due to some other mechanism besides uptake. The active exit step, that is the secretion of IAA-2-14C out of 1 mm long coleoptile sections into the surrounding solution, is strongly impaired by 3-M. It is this phenomenon which has to be regarded as the cause of the reduced polar transport of auxin. The polar transport of NAA-1-14C through coleoptile sections, just like that of IAA, is inhibited by addition of 3-M, or TIBA or by illumination of the coleoptiles. From the results mentioned above and from the fact that 3-M does not influence important metabolic processes like respiration but on the other hand is able to react with compounds containing SH-groups (like cystein), it is concluded that the transport of auxin is directly influenced by 3-M. It is suggested that systems secreting auxin (“permeases”) in the outer border layers of the plasma, mainly in the basal parts of the cell (polar transport!) could be partly blocked by 3-M (possibly by the formation of an adduct with SH-groups of the “permeases”). The asymmetric photooxidative formation of 3-M in each single cell illuminated laterally and the subsequent lateral secretion of auxin may be the reason for the transversal shift of auxin during phototropism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Optic Tract ; Lateral Geniculate Body ; Single Cell Activity ; Barbiturate Anaesthesia ; Tractus opticus ; Corpus geniculatum laterale ; Einzelzellaktivität ; Barbituratnarkose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Veränderungen der spontanen und Reaktionsaktivität von Neuronen des Tractus opticus und der Radiatio optica wurden bei fraktionierter Injektion von Pentobarbital-Na (Nembutal) untersucht. Dabei wurden in 5 min-Abständen jeweils 5 mg Nembutal injiziert und die mittlere Entladungsrate, das Intervall- und Poststimulushistogramm aufgenommen. 2. Die Spontanaktivität der meisten retinalen Neurone zeigte bei Nembutaldosen zwischen 5 und 30 mg eine Zunahme der mittleren Entladungsrate, bei Experimenten mit geringer Spontantätigkeit bereits in der Kontrolle wurde von Anfang an eine Aktivitätsminderung beobachtet. Über 30 mg fällt die mittlere Entladungsrate bei allen Neuronen ab. Nach jeder Einzelinjektion kommt es zu einem mehrphasischen Verlauf der Entladungstätigkeit mit initialer Zunahme, sekundärer überschießender Verminderung und langsamer Erholung in einen steady state. Bei post-geniculären Neuronen fehlt die initiale Aktivitätssteigerung. 3. Retinale Ganglienzellen zeigen bei niedrigen und mittleren Barbituratdosen charakteristische Veränderungen des Entladungsmusters mit gruppierten Entladungen und multimodalen Intervallverteilungen. Dabei sind die kürzesten Intervalle bei allen Neuronen mit 4–5 msec außerordentlich konstant und dosisunabhängig. Die längeren Intervalle (15–35 msec und Vielfache) sind variabler und dosisabhängig. Die beobachteten Vorzugsintervalle werden durch die supra- und subnormale Phase der Neurone nach dem Aktionspotential erklärt (delayed depolarization und polarizing afterpotential). 4. Die Reaktion auf Lichtpunktreize im rezeptiven Feldzentrum zeigt eine stärkere Verminderung der späten tonischen als der initialen phasischen Reizantwort. Bei on-Zentrum-Neuronen tritt mit abnehmender steady-state-Aktivität eine off-Erregung in Erscheinung, die vor der Narkose zwar bereits vorhanden, aber nicht erkennbar war. Off-Zentrum-Neurone zeigen nur eine leichte Verminderung der off-Aktivierung. Die Reaktionen geniculärer Neurone wurden stärker vermindert als die von retinalen Neuronen. 5. Die Bedeutung peripherer und allgemeiner neuronaler Faktoren für die Interpretation von Narkoseeffekten wird hervorgehoben.
    Notes: Summary 1. Changes of the spontaneous and evoked activity of optic tract and radiation fibers of cats after fractionated injections of Pentobarbital-Na (Nembutal) were investigated. Every 5 min 5 mg Nembutal were injected intravenously and the mean discharge rate, the interval and post-stimulus histograms were taken. 2. The over-all activity of most retinal neurones increased after injections between 5 and 30 mg Nembutal. Only in experiments with an initially low discharge rate a decrease was observed from the beginning. Beyond 30 mg, the activity of all neurones was depressed. After each injection, a multiphasic sequence of activity changes was seen, with initial activation, secondary strong depression, and slow recovery into a steady state. Postgeniculate neurones did not show an initial increase of activity. 3. Retinal ganglion cells showed characteristic changes of their discharge pattern at a medium anaesthetic dosis, with grouped discharges and multimodal interval distributions. The short intervals of 4–5 msec were extremely constant in all experiments and were independant from the dosis. The longer intervals (15 to 35 msec and multiples) were more variable and dosis dependant. The observed interval distributions are explained by the sub- and supranormal phases of retinal ganglion cells (delayed depolarization and polarizing after-potential). 4. The reaction to punctiform light stimuli into the center of the receptive field showed a stronger decrease of the tonic steady state than of the initial phasic reactions. With decreasing steady-state-activation of on-center-neurones a phasic off-activation became apparent, which was already present before anaesthesia but indiscriminable from the steady-state discharge. Off-center neurones only showed a slight decrease of the off-reaction. The reactions of geniculate neurones were depressed stronger than those of retinal cells. 5. The importance of peripheral and general membrane mechanisms for the action of anaesthetic drugs is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 83 (1968), S. 347-371 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Short illumination of excised coleoptiles (with or without apex) inhibits the subsequent transport of IAA-2-14C in these sections during darkness. To a certain extent the inhibition is dependent both on the light intensity and on the duration of illumination. Only the blue region of the visible spectrum is effective. The light induced inhibition is due to a decrease of the quantity of IAA transported; on the other hand, the velocity of transport remains unchanged. The inhibition of auxin transport can be observed only if coleoptiles contain endogenous or fed auxin during the preceding illumination period. Besides illumination inhibition of auxin transport can also be brought about by incubation of coleoptile sections with a previously illuminated IAA/FMN solution. Auxin transformed by peroxidase operates in the same way. The different oxidation products of IAA in the solutions used were identified: The only product which inhibits elongation growth and auxin transport was 3-M. The conversion of IAA to 3-M is accomplished by crude cell-free extracts from corn coleoptiles. An increased formation of labeled 3-M from IAA-2-14C during illumination of coleoptiles could be demonstrated. Since 3-M is not actively transported in coleoptiles, it must be assumed that 3-M functions as an inhibitor of auxin transport only at its site of formation. It is concluded that the phototropic curvature of coleoptiles and stems is triggered by the photooxidative formation of 3-M from IAA in the side exposed to light. The flow of growth substances will be partly blocked by 3-M in this side and can be directed to the shaded side. On the strength of these findings some phenomena of phototropism (transmission of stimulus, “mneme”, quantum yield) can easily be explained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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