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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 37 (1981), S. 1332-1333 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microspectrofluorometry of rabbit nodose ganglia exposed to formaldehyde vapor revealed that the intraganglionic fluorescent cells (SIF-cells) contain dopamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Skinned muscle fibres, calcium activation of ; Skinned muscle fibres, effect of Mg-ATP ; Muscle stiffness, sarcomere length dependence ; Muscle force ; sarcomere length dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Skinned fibres prepared from semitendinosus muscle of the frog (Rana temporaria) by a modified Natori's method were suspended in ATP-salt solution (pCa 5, pH 6.7, 3°C). Isometric tension was studied as a function of sarcomere length (determined by laser diffraction) and stiffness was measured by recording tension changes in response to quick changes in length performed within 0.5 ms during Ca2+ activated contractions. 2. There was a sigmoidal relationship between contractile tension or stiffness and pCa. The threshold Ca ion concentration was 5×10−7 M at a sarcomere length of 2.2 μm and a little lower at larger sarcomere lengths (as also described by Endo 1972). At all sarcomere lengths peak tension was reached at about 10−5 M Ca2+. 3. The skinned fibres produced maximum tension at sarcomere lengths of 2.0–2.3 μm. With a further increase in sarcomere length, contractile tension decreased. The relation between tension and sarcomere length was linear up to 3.2 μm above which value the relationship ‘tailed’. 4. Quick releases in the range of 0.1–0.5%L 0 applied during Ca2+ activation produced an immediate elastic fall in tension in phase with the length change followed by a quick recovery phase completed within about 10 ms. Conversely, a quick stretch produced an elastic increase followed by a rapid tension decay completed within about 8–10 ms. When the extreme tensions obtained during the length step were plotted versus the size of the length step, a force-extension diagram was obtained corresponding to the T1-curve of Huxley and Simmons (1973) which intercepted the length axis at about −8 nm/half sarcomere at all sarcomere lengths investigated. The slope of the linear portion of the T1-curve was taken to determine immediate stiffness which was proportional to tension when either sarcomere length or Ca2+ ion concentration were varied. 5. In conclusion tension and immediated stiffness are proportional to the extent of actin myosin filament overlap and hence to the number of possible crossbridges between thick and thin filaments. 6. At very low calcium ion concentrations (10−7 M) skinned fibres develop tension and become stiff when the Mg-ATP concentration is lowered (at constant [ATP] total) to values below 10−5 M. Under these conditions a quick release causes a drop in tension which is—as in the case of rigor—not followed by a fast recovery of tension. Again stiffness was independent of the direction and amplitude of quick length changes; but — as in the case of rigor — the stiffness to tension ratio was much higher than in Ca2+ activated contraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 17 (1981), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les aciers à faible ductilité et à haute résistance, le comportement à la fatigue au cours des premiers stades du phénomène est associé aux inclusions non métalliques et présente un caractère hautement localisé au voisinage de l'inclusion. Cependant, la nature du processus d'initiation d'une fissure de fatigue n'est pas claire. Dans ce mémoire, l'accent à été placé sur des différences que l'on peut rencontrer dans le mécanisme d'amorçage et dans le début de la croissance des fissures de fatigue entre un acier martensitique et des matériaux de ductilité normale. La faible liaison existant entre la matrice et une inclusion d'oxyde d'aluminium conduit à la formation d'une singularité associée à l'inclusion qui détermine une croissance de la contrainte. La fissure de fatigue prend naissance à la périphérie de cette singularité à un angle de 45° par rapport à la direction de la contrainte principale. Les observations métallurgiques et micro-fractographiques ont révélé que l'amorçage et le début de croissance des fissures de fatigue à partir d'inclusions métalliques relèvent du cisaillement plutôt que de la traction simple. On conclut donc que, bien que le processus de fatigue est entièrement localisé au voisinage d'une inclusion, le mécanisme d'amorçage et de début de croissance d'une fissure de fatigue est essentiellement le même que dans un matériau ductile. L'effet d'hétérogénéités métallurgiques dans la martensite, tel que les frontières du grain austénitique primaire, les empilements et les plaquettes, peuvent être considérés sur l'amorçage et le début de croissance des fissures de fatigue; ce point est également discuté au point de vue mécanique et métallurgique.
    Notes: Abstract In low ductility and high strength steels, the early stage fatigue behavior associated with non-metallic inclusions is a highly localized phenomenon near the inclusions. However, the nature of the fatigue crack initiation process is not clear. In this paper, a special emphasis is placed on the possible differences in the mechanism of initiation and the early growth of fatigue cracks between a martensitic steel and ordinary ductile materials. The poor adhesion between matrix and aluminum oxide inclusion leads to the formation of an inclusion pit which serves as a simple stress raiser. The fatigue crack originates at the periphery of this inclusion pit at an angle of 45 degrees to the principal stress direction. Metallurgical and micro-fractographical observations revealed that the initiation and early growth of fatigue cracks from non-metallic inclusion are of the shear rather than the tensile mode. Thus, it is concluded that, though the fatigue process is quite localized in the vicinity of inclusion, the mechanism for an initiation and early growth of fatigue cracks is essentially the same as that for ductile materials. The effects of metallurgical heterogeneities in the martensite, such as the prior austenite grain boundaries, packets, and plates on the initiation and early growth of the cracks, are also discussed from the mechanical-metallurgical viewpoint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 302-310 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Electrical properties of skin ; Skin impedance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the non-linear electrical properties of the skin during the passage of a sinusoidal current from the standpoint of the constant-current method. The non-linearity occurs in the current dependency of the skin impedance and in Lissajous figures. It exhibits both rapid and slow variations. The concept of a non-linear impedance and its equivalent circuit are introduced for a sinusoidal voltage. With regard to the current dependency of the impedance it can be said that both the starting point and the degree of the dependency vary with frequency and impedance. The nonlinearity is more apparent with a larger current, a lower frequency, and a higher impedance. with an increasing current, the ionic conductance increases and the polarisation admittance decreases. Lissajous figures are formed when the voltage is distorted notably from the sinusoidal wave form. Detailed investigations are undertaken for the elliptic figures, third harmonics, rectification, and breakdown of the skin appearing with a decrease of the frequency and increase of the current. Finally, the special mechanism of the ionic conduction in the keratin layer is indicated as one of the causes for non-linearity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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