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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Arecoline ; Pilocarpine ; Oxotremorine ; Acetylcholine ; Muscarinic agonist ; Drug discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a two-lever, food-reinforced drug-discrimination paradigm separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate either arecoline, pilocarpine or oxotremorine from saline. The discriminative cues of all three agonists were potently blocked by scopolamine, but only by 30–60 fold higher doses of methylscopolamine. The three agonists all suppressed overall response rate. These rate-suppressant effects were not blocked by scopolamine in doses which blocked the discriminative cues. In generalization tests, arecoline elicited selection of the drug-appropriate lever in all groups of trained animals. Pilocarpine was discriminated as drug by all pilocarpine-trained animals and by a majority of oxotremorine-trained animals, but was not significantly discriminated by the arecoline-trained group. Oxotremorine was discriminated by all oxotremorine-trained animals but only by some pilocarpine-trained animals, and was not significantly discriminated by the arecoline-trained group. Morphine, haloperidol, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and nicotine were not generalized to any of the training drugs. The discriminative stimuli produced by the training drugs are therefore specific and exhibit properties indicative of an origin at central muscarinic receptors but may not be identical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 372 (1987), S. 840-840 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Residual biliary concrement ; Endoscopie sphincterotomy (EST) ; Stone extraction ; Late results ; Residualstein ; Endoskopische Sphincterotomie ; Steinextraktion ; Langzeitergebnisse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 185 Patienten (8/74 bis 12/86) im Alter von 19–85 J. (Median 66 J.) wurde wegen Residualsteins bei noch liegendem T-Drain die EST vorgenommen. EST und Steinextraktion gelangen bei je 93%. Alle Komplikationen (9,3%) waren leicht und konservativ beherrschbar. Die Letalität nach EST war 0, nach offener 2. Revision 1,8%. 34% waren zur Zeit der EST unter 50 J. alt. Kontrollen 2,5 bis 9 J. nach EST ergaben Beschwerdefreiheit bei 95%, AP-Erhöhungen bei 7%, sonographisch Aerobilie bei 20%. Das Risiko der Spät-Cholangitis nach EST ist nach wie vor unbekannt. Beobachtungen über 3–4 Jahrzehnte und leberhistologische Befunde sind erforderlich.
    Notes: Summary In 185 patients (August 1974 to December 1986), aged 19–85 years (median 66 years), with indwelling T-tube drains, endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed for residual biliary concrements. EST and stone extraction both had a success rate of 93%. All complications (9.3%) responded to conservative therapy. Lethality was 0% for EST and 1.8% for open biliary revision. At the time of EST, 34% were under 50 years of age. Follow-up at an interval of 2.5–9 years after EST indicated no pain in 95%, elevated AP in 7%, and sonographic aerobilia in 20%. The risk of late cholangitis is still unknown. Follow-ups over a period of 4–5 decades and histological examination of liver biopsies are essential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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