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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 4620-4633 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hole trapping phenomena in SiO2 were examined using an optically assisted hot carrier injection technique on p-channel insulated gate field effect transistors. It was found that only a single, field-dependent, capture-cross-section hole trap is present. The capture cross section of these hole traps at a field of 4 mV/cm across the gate insulator, corresponding to a gate voltage just above the threshold voltage, was found to be 8.5×10−14 cm2. Injected holes were found to trap with an initial efficiency of approximately 60% at this gate field. Depopulation of trapped holes at room temperature was also examined, and found to be significant. The neutral hole trap density in unirradiated device gate insulators after post-metal annealing was found to be approximately 7.0×1012 cm−2. Based on a study of the threshold voltage shift as a function of gate insulator thickness, coupled with the model recently proposed by Walters and Reisman for determining charge centroid, it appears that for oxides with thicknesses greater than 10 nm, the hole traps lie in a band of finite thickness with a charge centroid 5 nm from the substrate-SiO2 interface. In addition, there exists a layer approximately 3.7 nm thick at each interface that appears void of trapped charge. Therefore, oxides less than 7.4 nm thick should not trap charge, which was found to be the case experimentally. This implies that as devices are scaled down, hole trapping will disappear, which is of particular significance in oxides subjected to ionizing irradiation, either during processing or during use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 93 (1990), S. 2704-2714 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The results of canonical ensemble molecular dynamics calculations of mixtures of Lennard–Jones and Stockmayer fluids are reported. To study solely the influence of the polarity, the Lennard-Jones parameters were identical for both components. The excess mixing properties show a strong asymmetry with respect to composition for large dipolar strength. The free energy of mixing is obtained through a thermodynamic integration procedure. The results strongly suggest that, for reduced dipolar strengths μ2〉3.15, demixing occurs into a phase rich in polar component and an almost pure Lennard-Jones fluid. It is shown that perturbation theory yields fairly accurate results for the dipolar energy and free energy of the mixture. For the free energy of mixing, qualitatively correct results are obtained. The structure and orientational correlation functions of the mixture are discussed. The radial distribution function for pairs of polar molecules show a marked increase in local ordering with dipolar strength for low concentrations of the polar component, indicating that strong clustering of polar molecules occurs at these concentrations. The orientational order is also seen to increase very strongly with dipole moment at these concentrations. The pair correlation function for pairs of Lennard-Jones atoms shows little dependence on dipolar strength of Stockmayer molecules at these concentrations. The distribution function for pairs of unlike molecules reflects the increasingly dissimilar character of these molecules as the dipolar strength increases. For large concentrations of Stockmayer molecules, the opposite effect is observed, albeit less pronounced, in that the pair-correlation function for Lennard-Jones atoms shows an increase in local ordering as μ increases, whereas the radial distribution function for Stockmayer pairs remains relatively unaffected with increasing μ. These results are interpreted in terms of a frustation model. Results are given for the variation of the dielectric constant of the mixture with composition and dipolar strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 57 (1990), S. 2237-2238 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The question of whether ionizing radiation creates fixed positive charge and/or neutral hole traps, or simply fills existing neutral hole traps has been examined by equating the density of intrinsic neutral hole traps, present before irradiation, with the sum of fixed positive charge and the remaining neutral hole traps present after x-ray irradiation. The total number of positive Coulombic and neutral hole traps was found to remain constant, regardless of the level of radiation the device receives. This indicates strongly that fixed positive charge represents filled intrinsic hole traps and that additional hole trapping defects, except for a small amount of fixed negative charge, are not generated by ionizing radiation in the photon energy range studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    Unknown
    London, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Year's work in modern language studies. 52 (1990) 639 
    ISSN: 0084-4152
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies
    Description / Table of Contents: GERMAN STUDIES
    Notes: GERMANIC LANGUAGES
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 78 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Growth analysis techniques are used to test the hypothesis that chilling induces curd (flower) initiation in the cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Botrytis L. cv. Perfection) through inhibiting leaf growth, thereby increasing the availability of growth factors to the stem apex and enabling differentiation of the curd. Effects of chilling on leaf growth and curd induction are compared in juvenile and mature, vegetative plants. Chilling at 5°C reduced dry matter accumulation in the total leaf complement by ca 60% in juvenile plants and 40% in mature plants, compared to control plants growth at 20°C. Juvenile plants showed slower rates of leaf initiation than mature plants. Leaf initiation was retarded by chilling in both plant types with the most marked effect seen in the juvenile plants. This was consistent with dry matter availability to the stem apex limiting differentiation more severely in juvenile plants than in mature plants. The rate of dry matter accumulation in existing leaves, however, was faster in juvenile plants than in mature plants at 20°C. Plants that were juvenile during chilling produced an average of 43 leaves below the curd whereas those that were mature produced 25.Dry matter accumulation in younger leaves was more markedly inhibited by chilling than in older leaves. Chilling also reduced the rate at which enlarging leaves became positionally more remote from the stem apex. Possible roles for such leaves in regulating apical development are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 4 (1990), S. 261-263 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 42 (1990), S. 141-164 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der spät-archaische Munni Munni-Komplex bedeckt eine elliptische Fläche von 9 × 25 km, deren südliche Hälfte diskordant von einer 2.7 Ga alten vulkanischen Abfolge überlagert wird. Der Komplex besteht aus einer unteren, 1850 m mächtigen ultramafischen Serie (UMS) und einer oberen gabbroischen Serie, die mindestens 3600 m mächtig ist und die Form eines länglichen Trichters hat. Die UMS besteht aus makrorhytmischen Zyklen von Dunit, Wehrlit und Klinopyroxenit, während die GS einen ununterbrochenen Fraktionierungs-Trend von Pigeonit-Gabbros über Pigeonit Magnetit-Gabbros zu Granophyren zeigt. Die Basis der GS ist scharf und wird durch das gleichzeitige Erscheinen von Cumulus-Plagioklas und Pigeonit definiert. GS Cumulate zeigen gegen das Hangende zu eine monotone Zunahme von Fe/Mg und ein Fehlen zyklischen Lagenbaues, was auf Kristallisation in einer geschlossenen Kammer hinweist. Der oberste Teil der UMS ist eine deutlich ausgebildete, 30 m mächtige Lage von Bronzit-porphyritischem Orthokumulat-Websterit, welche sich an den Seitenwänden als randliche Zone fortsetzt, die in Kontakt mit zunehmend mehr fraktionierten Gabbros ist. Ein Pyroxenet-Gang durchschlägt den geneigten Boden der Intrusion im Bereich der obersten UMS, und dürfte als Zufuhrkanal für die obersten Lagen der UMS gedient haben. Eine schwache Dissemination von Cu-reichen magmatischen Sulfiden ist im Gesamtbereich der porphyritischen Websterit-Lage zu beobachten; in einer Augit-Orthocumulat-Lage wenige Meter unterhalb des Gabbros steigt diese auf 1–3% Cu-Sulfide an. Diese Lage erstreckt sich über 8.2 km, ist im Durchschnitt 2.5 m mächtig, und hat einen Durchschnittsgehalt von 2.9 g/t Pt + Pd + Au, 0.2% Ni und 0.3% Cu, mit lokal reicheren Zonen. In etwa 40% der untersuchten Bohrkerne fallen maximale Gehalte an PGE, Au, Ni und Cu zusammen, während sonst maximale PGE-Gehalte etwa 1–2 m unterhalb der Cu- und Ni-Maxima auftreten. Zusammenfallende Maxima dürften durch Homogenisation ursprünglich separater Maxima entstanden sein. Mit zunehmender Entfernung von den Rändern der Intrusion nehmen PGE Gehalte ab und werden unregelmäsiger. PGE-reiche Sulfide kommen auch nahe am Websterit-Gabbro-Kontakt vor, wo der Websterit eine randliche Position einnimmt. Die randliche Websterit-Zone und die porphyritische Websterit-Lage hängen zusammen, sind petrographisch ähnlich, und sind wahrscheinlich zu korrellieren. Mikrosonden-Analysen von Kumulus-Pyroxenen zeigen dass die porphyritische Websterit-Lage aus einer Mischung von relativ Mg- und Cr-reichem “M”-Magma dem die ultramafische Serie zuzuordnen ist, und einem Fe-reichen, Cr-armen gabbroischen “G”-Magma entstanden ist. Pyroxene aus der PGE-Lage führen sehr niedrige Cr-Gehalte; dies dürfte auf Kristallisation aus einem “G”-reichen Hybrid-Magma zurück gehen. Der Websterit wurde als das Resultat der Zufuhr von dichtem “G”-Magma das sich mit höher temperiertem “M”-Magma mischte, gebildet. Die obersten Meter der Websterit Abfolge, mit den PGE-reichen Sulfiden, bildeten sich während einer ruhigen Periode am Ende der Influx-Phase. Die PGE-reichen Sulfide sind das Produkt fraktionierter Segregation von sulfidischer Schmelze aus einer 500 bis 1000 m mächtigen Lage silikatischen Magmas. Die PGE-Mineralisation des Munni Munni-Komplexes ist der des Great Dyke von Zimbabwe in vieler Hinsicht ähnlich, besonders was die stratigraphische Position, die vertikale Verteilung der PGE in der Sulfid-Lage, und die laterale Verteilung der Gehalte betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The late Archaean Munni Munni Complex occupies an elliptical area of 9 by 25 km, the southern half of which is covered unconformably by a 2.7 Ga volcanic sequence. The Complex consists of a lower 1850 m thick Ultramafic Series (UMS) and an upper Gabbroic Series (GS) at least 3600 m thick, and is in the form of an elongate funnel. The UMS is made up of macrorhythmic cycles of dunite, wehrlite and clinopyroxenite, while the GS shows an uninterrupted fractionation trend from pigeonite gabbros through pigeonite-magnetite gabbros to granophyres. The base of the GS is very sharp, and marked by simultaneous appearance of cumulus plagioclase and pigeonite. GS cumulates show a monotonous upward increase in Fe/Mg and an absence of cyclic layering, indicating crystallization in a closed chamber. The top of the UMS is a distinctive 30 m thick layer of bronzite-porphyritic orthocumulate websterite, which continues up the side walls as a marginal zone in contact with progressively more fractionated gabbros. A pyroxenite dyke intersects the sloping floor of the intrusion at a level close to the top of the UMS, and appears to have fed the uppermost layers of the UMS. Cu-rich magmatic sulphides are weakly disseminated throughout the porphyritic websterite layer, increasing in abundance to 1–3% in a semi-continuous augite orthocumulate layer a few metres below the gabbro. This layer extends over 8.2 km, averages 2.5 m in thickness, and has an average grade of 2.9 g/t Pt + Pd + Au, 0.2% Ni and 0.3% Cu with local higher grade zones. In about 40% of intersections, peak PGE, Au, Cu and Ni grades are coincident, while in the remainder peak PGE grades are offset about 1–2 m below the peak Cu and Ni grades. Coincident intersections are probably derived by homogenization of original offset intersections. Peak PGE grades become lower and more widely dispersed farther away from the intrusion walls. PGE-enriched sulphides also occur close to the websterite-gabbro contact where the websterite occupies a marginal position on the side wall. The marginal websterite zone and the porphyritic websterite layer are physically contiguous and petrographically similar, and are probably correlative. Microprobe data on cumulus pyroxenes indicate that the porphyritic websterite layer crystallised from a mixture of a relatively Mg- and Cr-rich “M” magma, parental to the Ultramafic Series, and an Fe-rich, strongly Cr-depleted gabbroic “G” magma. Pyroxenes from the PGE horizon are very low in Cr, suggesting that they crystallised from a “G”-rich hybrid. The websterite formed as a result of an influx of dense “G” magma which mixed with hotter resident “M” magma. The upper few metres of the websterite, including the PGE-rich sulphides, accumulated during a period of quiescence at the end of the influx phase. The PGE-rich sulphides formed by fractional segregation of sulphide liquid from a 500 to 1000 m thick layer of silicate magma. Munni Munni PGE mineralisation shows some striking similarities to that of the Great Dyke, particularly in the stratigraphic position of the mineralisation, the vertical distribution of PGE through the sulphide layer, and the lateral distribution of grades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Palladium ; small particles ; bond distances ; chemisorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Regardless of the nature of the support (SiO2, C) and the size of the Pd metal particles (19-108 Å), the Pd-Pd interatomic distances are close to those for the bulk metal. Adsorption of CO does not change the structure of the Pd particles, while H2 adsorption at 25 °C leads to an increase of 5–7% in the Pd-Pd distance, evidently as a result of the formation of bulk palladium hydride.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 344 (1990), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of 44 women received a combination of ifosfamide (1.5 g/m2 daily x5) and cisplatin (50 mg/m2 on day 1 only) as first-line chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the cervix. In all, 12/42 (38%) evaluable patients responded, with the median duration of response being 7 months. Bone marrow and gastrointestinal toxicity were frequently severe. There were 3 septic death. Although cisplatin plus ifosfamide is an active combination against this disease, these results suggest that it is no more so than either drug used alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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