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  • 1990-1994  (3)
  • 1991  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 1,2-Dichloroethane ; Carcinogens ; DNA binding ; Rat ; Inhalation ; Dose response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE) was reported to be carcinogenic in rats in a long-term bioassay using gavage in corn oil (24 and 48 mg/kg/day), but not by inhalation (up to 150–250 ppm, 7 h/day, 5 days/week). The daily dose metabolized was similar in the two experiments. In order to address this discrepancy, the genotoxicity of DCE was investigated in vivo under different exposure conditions. Female F-344 rats (183–188 g) were exposed to [1,2-14C]- DCE in a closed inhalation chamber to either a low, constant concentration (0.3 mg/l=80 ppm for 4 h) or to a peak concentration (up to 18 mg/l=4400 ppm) for a few minutes. After 12 h in the chamber, the dose metabolized under the two conditions was 34 mg/kg and 140 mg/kg. DNA was isolated from liver and lung and was purified to constant specific radioactivity. DNA was enzymatically hydrolyzed to the 3′-nucleotides which were separated by reverse phase HPLC. Most radioactivity eluted without detectable or with little optical density, indicating that the major part of the DNA radioactivity was due to covalent binding of the test compound. The level of DNA adducts was expressed in the dose-normalized units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (μmol adduct per mol DNA nucleotide/mmol DCE per kg body wt. In liver DNA, the different exposure regimens resulted in markedly different CBI values of 1.8 and 69, for “constant-low” and “peak” DCE exposure levels. In the lung, the respective values were 0.9 and 31. It is concluded that the DNA damage by DCE depends upon the concentration-time profile and that the carcinogenic potency determined in the gavage study should not be used for low-level inhalation exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Gastric carcinogenesis ; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea ; DNA methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formation ofO 6-methyldeoxyguanosine (O 6-MedGuo) was determined by an immuno-slot-blot assay in DNA of various tissues of F344 rats exposed toN-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in the drinking water at 400 ppm for 2 weeks. Although the pyloric region of the glandular stomach is a target organ under these experimental conditions, the extent of DNA methylation was highest in the forestomach (185 μmolO 6-MedGuo/mol guanine). Fundus (91 μmol/mol guanine) and pylorus (105 μmol/mol guanine) of the glandular stomach, oesophagus (124 μmol/mol guanine) and duodenum (109 μmol/mol guanine) showed lower levels ofO 6-MedGuo but differed little between each other. Thus, no correlation was observed between target organ specificity and the extent of DNA methylation. This is in contrast to the gastric carcinogen,N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), which preferentially alkylates DNA of the pylorus, the main site of induction of gastric carcinomas by this chemical. In contrast to MNU, the non-enzymic decomposition of MNNG is accelerated by thiol compounds (reduced glutathione,l-cysteine), which are present at much higher concentrations in the glandular stomach than in the forestomach and oesophagus. During chronic exposure to MNNG (80 ppm), mucosal cells immunoreactive toO 6-MedGuo are limited to the luminal surface [Kobori et al. (1988) Carcinogenesis 9:2271–2274]. Although MNU (400 ppm) produced similar levels ofO 6-MedGuo in the pylorus, no cells containing methylpurines were detectable by immunohistochemistry, suggesting a more uniform methylation of mucosal cells by MNU than by MNNG. After a single oral dose of MNU (90 mg/kg) cells containing methylpurines were unequivocally identified using antibodies toO 6-MedGuo and the imidazole-ring-opened product of 7-methyldeoxyguanosine. In the gastric fundus, their distribution was similar to those methylated by exposure to MNNG, whereas the pyloric region contained immunoreactive cells also in the deeper mucosal layers. After a 2-week MNU treatment, the rate of cell proliferation, as determined by bromodeoxyuridine immunoreactivity, was only slightly enhanced in the oesophagus and in the fundus, but markedly in the forestomach and the pyloric region of the glandular stomach. It is concluded that the overall extent of DNA methylation, the distribution of alkylated cells within the mucosa and the proliferative response all contribute to the organ-specific carcinogenicity of MNU.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 36 (1991), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le niveau d'adduits des cancérigènes chimiques aux nucléotides de l'ADN est proportionnel à la dose pour autant que les réactions enzymatiques et non enzymatiques ne soient par saturées. A des concentrations plus élevées, il y a de nombreuses possibilités de déviation de la linéarité, surtout en cas de saturation de l'activation des cancérigènes et de la détoxification des métabolites électrophiles. A des doses toxiques, l'induction de tumeurs est accélérée par la division cellulaire stimulée par la régénération du tissu, ce qui peut entraîner une relation exponentielle. Dans une population hétérogène, les nonlinéarités sont linéarisées par les polymorphismes enzymatiques et les niveaux individuels des réactions de toxification et de détoxification. En considérant les atteintes endogènes et inévitables de l'ADN, il est proposé que le risque exogène ne soit plus exprimé en nombre de cas additionnels mais par une réduction du temps de vie sans tumeur.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Im tiefsten Dosisbereich ist die DNS-Schädigung durch gentoxische Kanzerogene proportional zur Expositionsdosis, so lange die Geschwindigkeit aller beteiligten enzymatischen und nichtenzymatischen Reaktionen proportional zur Konzentration ist. Wird die Dosis so weit erhöht, dass Enzyme induziert werden und/oder Reaktionen gesättigt ablaufen, ergeben sich vielfältige Möglichkeiten von nichtlinearen Kurvenverläufen. Ein sublinearer Verlauf ergibt sich im höheren Dosisbereich immer dann, wenn Zytotoxizität und regenerative Hyperplasie die Akkumulation von Mutationen beschleunigen. Andererseits wird eine nichtlineare Dosis-Wirkungs-Kurve in heterogenen Populationen geglättet, wenn die kritischen Enzymaktivitäten individuell unterschiedlich sind. Im Extremfall kann eine quasi-lineare Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung auch bei mechanistisch begründeter Nichtlinearität anzutreffen sein. Wird schliesslich berücksichtigt, dass auch endogene gentoxischen Agentien und unvermeidliche Prozesse die DNS schädigen, ist es sinnvoll, exogene Belastungen nur als beschleunigende Faktoren eines spontanen Prozesses anzusehen und die Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung im Sinne eines Verlustes an tumorfreier Zeit zu analysieren.
    Notes: Summary Formation and repair of DNA adducts from genotoxic carcinogens is expected to be proportional to dose as long as the rates of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activation and inactivation reactions are all proportional to the substrate concentration. Deviations from linearity are expected in situations of induced and saturated kinetics. A sublinear shape of the dose-response curve is always expected at toxic dose levels when regenerative hyperplasia accelerates the fixation and accumulation of mutations resulting from the DNA adducts. In a heterogeneous population, however, a nonlinear dose-response curve is linearized when genetic and life-style factors result in individual variability in the rates of the activation and inactivation pathways. Finally, in the light of theendogenous and therefore partly unavoidable nature of genetic damage, it is proposed that the cancer risk from exposure to anexogenous carcinogen should be expressed as a reduction of tumor-free life span rather than in absolute terms of additional cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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