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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct measurement of free-energy barrier to nucleation of crystallites in amorphous silicon thin films (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 5149-5153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method is introduced to a measure the free-energy barrier W*, the activation energy, and activation entropy to nucleation of crystallites in amorphous solids, independent of the energy barrier to growth. The method allows one to determine the temperature dependence of W*, and the effect of the preparation conditions of the initial amorphous phase, the dopants, and the crystallization methods on W*. The method is applied to determine the free-energy barrier to nucleation of crystallites in amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin films. For thermally induced nucleation in a-Si thin films with annealing temperatures in the range of from 824 to 983 K, the free-energy barrier W* to nucleation of silicon crystals is about 2.0–2.1 eV regardless of the preparation conditions of the films. The observation supports the idea that a-Si transforms into an intermediate amorphous state through the structural relaxation prior to the onset of nucleation of crystallites in a-Si. The observation also indicates that the activation entropy may be an insignificant part of the free-energy barrier for the nucleation of crystallites in a-Si. Compared with the free-energy barrier to nucleation of crystallites in undoped a-Si films, a significant reduction is observed in the free-energy barrier to nucleation in Cu-doped a-Si films. For a-Si under irradiation of Xe2+ at 105 eV, the free-energy barrier to ion-induced nucleation of crystallites is shown to be about half of the value associated with thermal-induced nucleation of crystallites in a-Si under the otherwise same conditions, which is much more significant than previously expected. The present method has a general kinetic basis; it thus should be equally applicable to nucleation of crystallites in any amorphous elemental semiconductors and semiconductor alloys, metallic and polymeric glasses, and to nucleation of crystallites in melts and solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357229
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contamination of heparin by histamine: measurement and characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 49 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Plasma samples which were collected in the presence of heparin contained 12.83 ± 0.34 ng/ml histamine-immunoreactive material (n= 10). In contrast, histamine-immunoreactive material in plasma samples which were collected in the presence of EDTA/phenanthroline contained 0.32 ± 0.01 ng/ml (n= 10). Histamine-immunoreactive material was found as a contaminant in three different heparin formulations with unrelated batch numbers. The concentrations of the histamine-like material were 32.82, 81.93, and 280.23 ng/ml, respectively. Octadecasilyl-silica (ODS) cartridges were used to purify histamine from other constituents in the heparin preparations. The histamine-immunoreactive material in the three preparations could be characterized as histamine with cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a TSK SP-5 PW column with NaH2PO4, pH5.0, as a mobile phase and gradient elution. For the accurate measurement of histamine in plasma samples with heparin as an anticoagulant, one should be aware of a possible contamination of heparin formulations by histamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb01131.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the Notion of a Divine Basic Act a Necessary and Sufficient Way of Talking about God's Actions in the World? (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Religious studies 30 (1994), S. 181-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-4125
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Theology and Religious Studies
    Notes: It has seemed to a number of recent scholars that God's acts in the world must have the fundamental character of being ‘basic acts’. Grace Jantzen has argued that ‘a theist wants to say that all of God's actions in the world are direct and basic...he does everything directly, without intervening apparatus...God can perform any physical action, and any such action on God's part is direct, basic’. Robert Ellis has claimed that ‘if we limit “basic” action to action upon/within one's body then God's immediate action upon the physical universe may qualify under such a description whether or not one holds to a view of the world as the body of God [a view endorsed by Jantzen] ... All God's actions would [therefore] seem to be “basic”. And William P. Alston has suggested that ‘it is a live possibility that all God's actions are basic’. The question to be addressed is what theological and/or philosophical reasons can be advanced to make the case for regarding all divine action as basic? Would there be any significant diminution in affirming divine power if most or many of God's actions were non-basic?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500001475
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selected abstracts (1994)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 37 (1994), S. 517-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02076206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selected abstracts (1994)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 37 (1994), S. 1344-1349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257813
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  • 6
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    Groupe Telos, "Approches énonciatives de l'énoncé complexe", ed. by Isabelle Perrin (Book Review) (1994)
    Cambridge : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Modern language review. 89:1 (1994:Jan.) 204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-7937
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies
    Notes: REVIEWS
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:0094-1994-089-01-000042
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiotherapy response of cerebral metastases quantified by serial MR imaging (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 21 (1994), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brain neoplasms ; metastasis ; MRI ; quantification ; radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with cerebral metastases, treated with radiotherapy, underwent serial gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. The MR images were quantified using home developed software to evaluate the changes in volumes of tumor mass and edema after radiotherapy (mean precision of the quantification technique less than 5%). The decrease in tumor volume and edema observed after radiotherapy preceded clinical improvement. The presented technique can be used to accurately assess, more directly than using clinical scales, the effect of putative therapies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052901
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic scaling of the cluster-size distribul nucleation: Precoalescence stages (1994)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic evolution of the cluster-size distribution (CSD) in the precoalescence stages of nucleation and growth for sizes within and beyond the nucleation barrier layer (NBL) has been obtained. The existence of several universal kinetic laws of nucleation is predicted. In the precoalescence stages of nucleation, the CSD for sizes within and beyond the NBL obeys dynamic scaling relations. In a range of sizes beyond the NBL, the CSD exhibits a universal power law behavior, the exponent of which depends only on the interphase monomer transfer mechanism. Based on the results for the CSD, a general foundation is developed for nucleation kinetic measurements including the determination of the nucleation barrier and the inter-facial monomer transport rate by measuring the CSD. A preliminary comparison with an experimental study confirms the predicted dynamic scaling and the power law behavior of the CSD in the early stages of nucleation and growth.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690400104
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR study of the solid-state rearrangement of 3-amino-1- and -2-(chloroacetyl)pyrazole to 3-(chloroacetamido)pyrazole (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 32 (1994), S. 255-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: NMR ; 13C CP/MAS ; 1H Solid-state rearrangement ; 3-Amino-1-and -2-(chloroacetyl)pyrazole ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of 3-aminopyrazole (1) with chloroacetyl chloride gives a mixture of 3-amino-1- and -2-(chloroacetyl)pyrazole (2 and 3), both of which rearrange in the solid-state to 3-(chloroacetamido)pyrazole (4) over a period of a few days. The course of the rearrangements was monitored directly by CP/MAS NMR and indirectly by 1H NMR spectroscopy; the results suggest that the mechanism involves 3 → 2 → 4.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260320412
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    13C CP/MAS NMR study of a phenyl group rotation in the solid state using T1ρ, lineshape and 2D EXSY measurements (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 32 (1994), S. 118-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 13C CP/MAS NMR ; Solid-state phenyl group rotation ; T1ρ ; Lineshape 2D EXSY ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A combination of solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR methods was used to study the rates of rotation of the phenyl group in 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenylhex-1-yn-3-ol. The methods used were T1ρ measurements, lineshape analysis and 2D exchange spectroscopy over the temperature range 219-284 K. The rates of rotation obtained from the lineshape and 2D EXSY methods give an energy of activation of 58.6 ± 3.0 kJ mol-1. In good agreement with this, the T1ρ measurements give an activation energy for the rotation of 58.7 ± 3.6 kJ mol-1. The two sets of data are shown to be compatible, within experimental error, with a calculated value for the dipolar carbon-hydrogen interaction (B) from an assumed molecular geometry.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260320211
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