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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied ichthyology 11 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Literature data are analysed regarding losses of body substances occurring during a period of food deprivation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Nitrogen (protein) and energy losses show a distinct dependence on fish mass (FM [g]) and water temperature (T [°C]). Several regression models for this relationship were compared with best testing estimates as follows:Nitrogen loss [mg N 2 fish−1 2 d−1] = 0.0658 e(1.037) 2 FM0.739(n= 49, 9–20°C, 5–400g fish mass, P 〈 0.001, B = 0.826)Nitrogen-corrected energy loss [J 2 fish−1 2 d−1] = 22.09 e(1.034) 2 FM0.833(n= 63, 9–25°C, 8–400 g fish mass, P 〈 0.001, B = 0.887).For nitrogen loss as well as for nitrogen-corrected energy loss, the metabolic rate shows a progressive increase with rising water temperature. The temperature coefficient increases in magnitude as temperature increases. The introduction of a general common exponent (0.8 instead of 0.739 for nitrogen loss and 0.833 for energy loss) for fish mass decreases the precision of the estimate. The equations could serve as a base for estimating net protein and net energy maintenance requirements of rainbow trout. Possible limitations, caused by uncertainities in estimating the elevated metabolic rate by food intake and ingestion, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of clinical periodontology 22 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Treatment of molar teeth with severe furcation involvement allows for differing therapies of which the tunneling procedure has been least studied. While subsequent root caries in furcal exposed teeth was believed a major shortcoming, successful periodontal therapy is primarily dependent upon the stability of the attachment and intrafurcal and interproximal bone. We evaluated in each of 18 subjects (10 female, 8 male) a molar tooth with deep grade II/III furcation involvement at time of presentation (T-0), to 1st post-surgical recall following a tunneling procedure (T-1), to most immediate last recall (T-2; mean time T-0 to T-2, 5.80±0.83 years). Assessments included O'Leary's plaque index (P1-I), attachment levels (AL), root caries and radiographic bone loss. The mean P1-I from T-0 to T-2 decreased 56.8% with some plaque at T-2 detected in furcations of 7/18 teeth. AL across all time periods were not significantly difference except for palatal/lingual AL which from T-0 to T-2 were significantly different. Root caries was found in only 3 teeth at T-2. Adequate radiographs were available for 8 surgically tunneled mandibular molars for analysis of 5 measurements of osseous levels i.e. the mesial and distal levels of the intrafurcal and the interproximal osseous crests, and the distal interproximal osseous crest of a mesial adjacent single-rooted reference tooth which received osseous surgery at the same time. Mean time change values (T-1 to last radiograph taken. T-2a; mean time 3.0±0.7 years) showed no significant difference among the 5 points measured. These results indicate no difference in AL nor loss of furcal or proximal crestal bone in surgically tunneled mandibular molars when compared with an adjacent tooth receiving osseous surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Dynamics 204 (1995), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 1058-8388
    Keywords: Cdx-2 ; Homeobox ; Placental patterning ; Gut ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Three mouse homologues of the Drosophila homeotic gene Caudal (Cad) have been described. They are currently designated Cdx-1, Cdx-2, and Cdx-4. Cdx-1 and 2 are both strongly expressed in the adult mid- and hindgut, while Cdx-1 and 4 have been shown to be activated in the embryonic primitive streak. Using a polyclonal antibody against a fusion protein containing the amino terminal 109 amino acids of murine Cdx-2, we here describe the topographical location of the gene product from early cleavage to 12.5 days of embryonic development. Cdx-2 expression begins at 3.5 days and is confined to the trophectoderm, being absent from the inner cell mass. Subsequently, staining is located in the extra-embryonic ectoderm adjacent to the epiblast, but sparing the more superficially placed polar, as well as the mural trophoblastic cells. Continuing expression in the fetal membranes involves the chorion, the allantoic bud, and, at even later stages, the spongiotrophoblast. From 8.5 days, Cdx-2 begins to be expressed in embryonic tissues, principally (unlike Cdx-1) in the posterior part of the gut from its earliest formation, as well as in the tail bud and in the caudal part of the neural tube. Cdx-2 is, therefore, transcribed well before any other membrane of the Cad homologue group and of the related Hox-C group; its expression in the extra-embryonic membranes and in the hindgut reflects the phylogenetic relationship between the cloaca and the chorio-allantois and suggests the possibility that homeobox genes may be involved in placental development and/or patterning. © 1995 wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) ; Teeth ; In situ hybridization ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By means of in situ hybridisation studies, it is shown that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) mRNA is strongly expressed in the developing enamel organs of rat teeth. In particular, the cervical loop hybridises strongly with the PTHrP probe and expression is maintained at this site throughout life in the permanently erupting incisor teeth. In mature molar teeth, expression is downregulated to low levels and confined to the epithelial cell rests of Malassez and/or cementoblasts which may derive from these. The gene is also expressed at low levels in the tissue overlying the erupting molars and, thereafter, in the junctional epithelia and connective tissue cells of the epithelial attachment on all tooth surfaces. The premise that PTHrP may undergo post-translational processing and that the resultant products could act in different ways raises the possibility of its exerting multiple paracrine actions during tooth development. These could include the control of cell division and local vascular dilation during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46 (1995), S. 447-459 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosion von vorbehandeltem Aluminium nach der kathodischen ElektrotauchlackierungDie Kathodische Elektrotauchlackierung (KTL) ist seit nahezu zwei Jahrzehnten bei der industriellen Abscheidung von Grundierungen auf Stahl gut eingeführt. Epoxidharze ergeben optimale Resultate. Es besteht ein zunehmender Bedarf, dieselbe Technik für Aluminium anzuwenden, speziell für die Mischbauweise Eisen/Aluminium bei Autokarosserien. Allerdings kann dieses Metall durch die OH- -Ionen angegriffen werden, die bei der kathodischen Elektrolyse von Wasser gemäß H2O + e- → ½ H2 + OH entstehen. Die. Al2O · xH2O Schutzschicht kann sich langsam auflösen als Aluminat, und dann reagiert das Al-Metall schnell mit Wasser unter Bildung des dreifachen Volumens an Wasserstoff, wobei die oxidische Schicht wiederhergestellt wird. Demgemäß ist die Bruttoreaktion für die kathodische Korrosion des Al gegeben durch: Al + 2H2O + e- → AlO2- + 2H2.Es ist zu erwarten, daß die Änderungen an der Phasengrenze Al/AlOOH/Lack und die Akkumulation von hydrolisiertem Aluminat im Überzug unter anderem auch das Korrosionsschutzverhalten der Lackschichten beeinflussen könnten. Eine systematische Untersuchung des Einfusses von vier verschiedenen technischen Epoxidharzen von BASF Lacke & Farben AG (l)-(4) mit ihren individuellen Pigmentsystemen, wobei das eine für den Lack 3 frei von Bleisilikat war, wurde unternommen. Sieben verschiedene Aluminium (Legierungs) Substrate warden verwendet. Die Art der Vorbehandlung war in den meisten Fällen eine Zinkphosphatierung. Drei Standard-Korrosionstests für die konventionelle Korrosion (KK) und eine für Filiformkorrosion (FFK) wurden angewandt und standardmäßig ausgewertet. Der verschärfte Freibewitterungs-Korrosionstest dauerte 360 Tage.Es wurde gefunden, daß die Korrosionsschutzwirksamkeit für die KK hauptsächlich durch das Harz beeinflußt wurde, wobei sie in der folgenden Reihenfolge abnahm: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (4) 〉 (2) 〉 (1),\,(3). $$\end{document}Der Einfluß des Substrats war nicht sehr ausgeprägt, aber ein relatives Optimum konnte erkannt werden mit Al Mg 0.4 Si 1.2 mit Gelbchromatierung und Bonazinc 2000® und mit Al Mg 1.5 Si 0.5 Cu 4.0 mit Gelbchromatierung (mit einer Ausnahme). Die Reihenfolge der Wirksamkeit gegen die FFK änderte sich wie folgt: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (2) 〉 (3) 〉 〉 (1),\,(4), $$\end{document} und zinkphosphatiertes Al Mg 3 war allen anderen Substraten überlegen. Die analytisch bestimmte Geschwindigkeit der kathodischen Korrosion für unpigmentierte Lacke korrelierte nicht mit diesen Resultaten, und dies konnte indikativ sein für spezifische Pigmenteffekte. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, daß these systematische Untersuchung auf der Basis von praktischen Systemen und Korrosionstestmethoden einen Weg aufzeigt für die Optimierung der KTL auf Aluminium.
    Notes: Cathodic deposition of paint (CDP) is Well introduced for the industrial coating of primers onto steel since nearly two decades. Epoxy resins provide optimum results. There is an increasing demand to apply the same technique for aluminium, especially for mixed constructions Fe/Al in motor car bodies. However, this metal may be attacked by the OH--ions, generated by the cathodic electrolysis of water according to: H2O + e- → ½ H2 + OH-. The Al2O3 · xH2O protecting layer may dissolve slowly as aluminate and Al-metal then reacts rapidly with water to generate the threefold volume of hydrogen under the reestablishment of the oxide layer. Thus, the overall reaction for this cathodic corrosion of Al is given by: Al + 2H2O + e- → AlO2- + 2H2.It can be foreseen, that the changes at the phase boundary Al, AlOOH/paint and the accumulation of hydrolysed aluminate in the coating may influence, among other, the corrosion protection behavior of the paint layers. A systematic study of the influence of four different industrial epoxy resins from BASF Lacks & Farben AG (1)-(4) with their individual pigment systems, the one for paint (3) to be free of lead silicate, was undertaken. Seven different aluminium (alloy) substrates were employed. Their pretreatment modes were mostly due to zincphosphatation. Three standard corrosion tests for conventional corrosion, (CC) and one for filiform corrosion (FFC) were employed and evaluated, as usual. The accelerated open air corrosion test lasted 360 days.It was found, that for CC the corrosion protection capability was predominantly influenced by the resin, and it decreased in the following order: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (4) 〉 (2) 〉 (1),\,(3). $$\end{document}The effect of the substrate was not very pronounced, but a relative optimum could be seen with Al Mg 0.4 Si 1.2-chromate pretreatment and Bonazinc 2000® and with Al Mg 1.5 Si 0.5 Cu 4.0-chromate pretreatment (with one exception). The ranking for FFC changed to: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (2) 〉 (3) 〉 〉 (1),\,(4), $$\end{document}, and zincphosphated Al Mg 3 was superior over all the other substrates. The analytically determined rate of cathodic corrosion for unpigmented paints did not correlate to these results, and this may be indicative for specific pigment effects. In conclusion, this systematic study reveals, on the basis of practical systems and corrosion test methods, a way for the optimization of CDP on aluminium.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) ; Teeth ; In situ hybridization ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. By means of in situ hybridisation studies, it is shown that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) mRNA is strongly expressed in the developing enamel organs of rat teeth. In particular, the cervical loop hybridises strongly with the PTHrP probe and expression is maintained at this site throughout life in the permanently erupting incisor teeth. In mature molar teeth, expression is downregulated to low levels and confined to the epithelial cell rests of Malassez and/or cementoblasts which may derive from these. The gene is also expressed at low levels in the tissue overlying the erupting molars and, thereafter, in the junctional epithelia and connective tissue cells of the epithelial attachment on all tooth surfaces. The premise that PTHrP may undergo post-translational processing and that the resultant products could act in different ways raises the possibility of its exerting multiple paracrine actions during tooth development. These could include the control of cell division and local vascular dilation during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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