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  • 1995-1999  (29)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1880-1889
  • 1995  (29)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental examination of Eulerian frequency spectra in zero-mean-shear turbulence (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 7 (1995), S. 1168-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Eulerian frequency spectra were measured in zero-mean-shear (oscillating-grid induced) turbulent flows and were compared with the spectral form proposed by Tennekes [J. Fluid Mech. 67, 561 (1975)]. A satisfactory agreement between the theoretical prediction and experimental results were obtained in a limited frequency range. The empirical constants pertinent to the spectral law, obtained experimentally, were in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868560
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of avirulences in Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The genetics of avirulences towards barley mildew resistances were analysed in crosses of the Ervsiphe graminis f.sp. hordei isolate DH14 with CC107 and with CC138. Nine avirulences, Avra9, Avra10, Avra11, Avra12, AvrAb, AvrCP, Avrh, Avrk and AvrLa, segregated as single genes in one or other cross. However. F1 segregation data were consistent with avirulence matching the Mla7 resistance gene being controlled by two genes, designated Avra71 and Avra72. Infection types of avirulent isolates differed on varieties in which Mla7 had been derived from each of the four known sources of that resistance. Linkage was detected between Avra71 and Avrh in the cross CC107 × DH14, and between Avra10 and Avrk, Avra11 and AvrLa, and Avrh and the triadimenol response gene Tdl2 in CC138 × DH14.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02663.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombination and selection in populations of plant pathogens (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A theoretical model has been used to study the dynamics of the frequencies of the following: a virulence gene which is selected by part of the host plant population; an unnecessary virulence gene, which is not required for infection of the host; and the gametic disequilibrium between the two genes. If the two genes are not initially in gametic equilibrium, the frequency of the unnecessary virulence may be altered greatly by hitch-hiking selection, because of the increased frequency of the selected virulence. The hitchhiking effect is strongest if reproduction is entirely asexual, but can still be significant if the frequency of recombination is less than the fraction of the host population which consists of selectively resistant plants. The frequency of recombination may be reduced if reproduction is partly clonal, rather than fully sexual, or if the two genes are linked. Selection against unnecessary virulence may give rise to complex dynamics of both virulence alleles; in particular, the frequency of an unnecessary virulence can rise substantially, by hitch-hiking selection, even if there is some sex or recombination. The direction in which the unnecessary virulence's frequency changes depends on the sign of the gametic disequilibrium between it and the selected gene, and on the existence of selection against unnecessary virulence. If there is no such selection, the long-term dynamics of genotype frequencies in a largely asexual pathogen population may be unpredictable. Consequently, disease control strategies based on planned replacements of one resistance gene by another are unlikely to be effective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02779.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Sweetpotato or Silverleaf Whiteflies: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci or a Species Complex? (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 40 (1995), S. 511-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002455
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects on Arbutus unedo L. of long-term exposure to elevated CO2 (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Arbutus unedo is a sclerophyllous evergreen, characteristic of Mediterranean coastal scrub vegetation. In Italy, trees of A. unedo have been found close to natural CO2 vents where the mean atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is about 2200 μmol mol−1. Comparisons were made between trees growing in elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations to test for evidence of adaptation to long-term exposure to elevated CO2. Leaves formed at elevated CO2 have a lower stomatal density and stomatal index and higher specific leaf area than those formed at ambient CO2, but there was no change in carbon to nitrogen ratios of the leaf tissue. Stomatal conductance was lower at elevated CO2 during rapid growth in the spring. In mid-summer, under drought stress, stomatal closure of all leaves occurred and in the autumn, when stress was relieved, the conductance of leaves at both elevated and ambient CO2 increased. In the spring, the stomatal conductance of the new flush of leaves at ambient CO2 was higher than the leaves at elevated CO2, increasing instantaneous water use efficiency at elevated CO2. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements suggested that elevated CO2 provided some protection against photoinhibition in mid-summer. Analysis of A/Ci curves showed that there was no evidence of either upward or downward regulation of photosynthesis at elevated CO2. It is therefore anticipated that A. unedo will have higher growth rates as the ambient CO2 concentrations increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00028.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamine release and interrenal response of brown trout, Salmo trutta, exposed to aluminium in acidic water (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 46 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cannulated brown trout, Salmo trutta, were exposed for 36 h to synthetic water with a low calcium content of pH 5 and similar synthetic water dosed with aluminium to raise the filterable A1 from 5 to 290 μg 1−1 over the 36-h period. There were no significant disturbances of plasma concentrations of glucose, cortisol or catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in fish held in water of pH 5. The addition of aluminium to this acidic synthetic water resulted in a generalized endocrine stress response with a four-fold increase in plasma glucose concentration after 18 h and a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration from 24 h onwards when filterable A1 exceeded 200 μg 1−1. Plasma catecholamine concentration indicated an adrenergic stress response in aluminium-exposed brown trout. A transient doubling in noradrenaline after 6 h in A1 was followed by a larger increase in both plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in fish surviving the 36-h exposure to A1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb05993.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perceptions of quality in the global market (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    The @TQM magazine 7 (1995), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-478X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Introduces the idea of nation equity via a world-wide quality pollcarried out by Bozell-Gallup; assesses its international implicationsfor the study of manufacturing quality. Outlines implications of thestudy for the United Kingdom. Highlights the importance of emerging EastEuropean markets for all exporters. States that nation equity is likelyto play an increasingly pivotal role in product quality perception.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09544789510103789
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of natural-enemy escape in a gallmaker host-plant shift (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 104 (1995), S. 52-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Enemy-free space ; Host shifts ; Speciation ; Gallmakers ; Tritrophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The successful colonization of novel host-plant species by herbivorous insects may be facilitated by a reduction in natural-enemy attack on insect populations associated with the novel (derived) host plant. This is particularly true if natural enemies use host-plant or habitat cues in searching for their herbivore prey. In order to test whether the acquisition of enemy-free space could have influenced the host shift in the goldenrod ball gallmaker, Eurosta solidaginis, we estimated levels of natural-enemy attack in 25 host-race populations associated with Solidago altissima and S. gigantea (Compositae) spanning the zone of sympatry between S. altissima and S. gigantea host races in New England. Mortality due to attack by the parasitoid wasp Eurytoma obtusiventris was significantly higher for the ancestral than for the derived host race (30.5% versus 0.4%) across the transect, which is consistent with the enemy escape hypothesis. Contrary to this hypothesis, mordellid beetles caused significantly higher mortality on the derived than ancestral host race (17.1% versus 2.6%). Mortality by a second parasitoid wasp and birds showed no significant differences between the two host races. Overall, the derived host race had significantly higher survivorship across the transect (36.6% versus 20.8%). An analysis of survivorship and parasitoid mortality levels from sympatric sites in this study and previous studies showed a highly significant correlation between the levels of Eurytoma obtusiventris attack and the survivorship advantage of the derived host race. Observations of this parasitoid's searching behavior confirmed that it preferentially searches the ancestral host for fly larvae. Current patterns of host-race mortality and naturalenemy behavior and abundance are consistent with the facilitation of the host shift by escape from a specialist parasitoid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365562
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Active salinity choice and enhanced swimming endurance in 0 to 8-d-old larvae of diadromous gobies, including Sicydium punctatum (Pisces), in Dominica, West Indies (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 121 (1995), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the early life history of diadromous gobies in Dominica, West Indies, from May 1989 to May 1991, emphasising Sicydium punctatum Perugia. The transition of newly hatched larvae from upriver nest sites to the sea was studied in laboratory experiments. Newly hatched larvae are negatively buoyant but avoid settling to the bottom by active swimming during drift to the sea. Laboratory experiments evaluated salinity preferences and effects on swimming endurance. Larvae in haloclines actively selected low to intermediate salinities. Initially (0 to 5-d post-hatch), larvae minimized exposure to salinities 〉10 ppt, but later (5 to 8-d) occupied increasingly saline water. Larvae in no-choice freshwater or seawater treatments ceased activity at 4 to 5 d, but in haloclines larvae remained active up to 8 d post-hatch. Salinities 〈10 ppt are important for early survival of sicydiine gobies. Implications for larval survival and transport are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349450
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Habitat use by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the presence of an actively foraging and non-foraging predator (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 123 (1995), S. 421-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted in the autumn and winter of 1992/93 to examine habitat use by juvenile (age 0+) Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., before, during and following exposure to a passive or actively foraging predator (age 3+ cod). Experiments presented groups of juvenile cod (n=5 fish/group) with one of two combinations of three substrates; (1) gravel, sand, and a patch of artificial kelp (“kelp”), or (2) cobble, sand, and kelp. Cobble is known to provide juvenile cod with a refuge from predation. Kelp was used to test the hypothesis that juvenile cod associate with fleshy macroalgae in nature because of the safety it provides from predators. There was little difference in habitat use by juvenile cod before, during or following exposure to a passive predator. Under these conditions, juvenile cod appeared to prefer finer grained mineral substrates and avoided the kelp. The extent of the juvenile response to a passive predator was to avoid the predator's location in the experimental tank. In contrast, juvenile cod showed a significant shift in habitat use when exposed to an actively foraging predator, hiding in cobble or, when cobble was not available, in kelp. Use of both these habitats resulted in a significant reduction in predation risk to the juvenile cod. Our results suggest that: (1) an association with kelp provides safety from predation to juvenile cod, and (2) juvenile cod are capable for assessing the risk a predator represents and adjust their response accordingly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349220
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