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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bounds upon grain boundary effects in minority carrier semiconductor devices: A rigorous "perturbation'' approach with application to silicon solar cells (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 1515-1521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Rigorous bounds upon the effects of grain boundaries upon minority carrier semiconductor devices such as solar cells are calculated. These bounds can be formulated in terms of an effective lifetime parameter as for spatially uniformly distributed defects. The value of this lifetime parameter depends on grain boundary geometry and activity. This concept applies to grain boundary effects in both bulk quasineutral and depletion regions. The electrostatic enhancement of grain boundary recombination in depletion regions is less severe than in bulk regions near thermal equilibrium. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363022
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Junction recombination current in abrupt junction diodes under forward bias (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 3083-3090 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new, analytical method is presented for calculating the depletion-region recombination current for abrupt-junction diodes under forward bias. The method is appropriate when the recombination current is dominated by recombination through Shockley–Read–Hall centers at a single energy level whose density does not vary strongly with position through the device. The new model is systematically compared with earlier models and with the results of finite-element analyses using PC-1D. If it is reasonably assumed that PC-1D is the most accurate of the methods considered here, the others may be ranked according to their proximity to the PC-1D result. It is shown that the new method, despite its simplicity, yields results closer to PC-1D than the earlier models for many practical situations. In addition, it is shown that one existing model may be brought into agreement with the finite-element analysis by a simple modification of the limits of integration. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363168
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rear surface passivation of high-efficiency silicon solar cells by a floating junction (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 3574-3586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The passivated emitter, rear locally diffused (PERL) cells, fabricated in our laboratory, reach an efficiency of 24.0%, the highest value for any silicon-based solar cell under terrestrial illumination. In an attempt to improve the rear surface passivation, which is usually obtained by a thermally grown oxide, we add a floating (i.e., noncontacted) p–n junction at the rear surface, resulting in the passivated emitter, rear floating p–n junction (PERF) cell design. Although these cells exhibit record 1-sun open-circuit voltages of up to 720 mV, their efficiency is degraded by nonlinearities ("shoulders'') in the logarithmic I–V curves. In order to understand and manipulate such nonlinearities, this paper presents a detailed investigation of the internal operation of PERF cells by means of numerical modelling based on experimentally determined device parameters. From the model, we derive design rules for optimum cell performance and develop a generalized argumentation that is suitable to compare the passivation properties of different surface structures. For example, the oxidized rear surface of the PERL cell is treated as an electrostatically induced floating junction in this approach and analogies to the diffused floating p–n junction are drawn. Our simulations indicate that optimum rear surface passivation can be obtained in three different ways. (i) The floating junction of the PERF cell should be very lightly doped, resulting in a sheet resistivity of 5000 Ω/(D'Alembertian), and losses due to shunt leaking paths between the p–n junction and the rear metal contacts must be avoided. (ii) The rear surface of the PERL cell should be passivated by chemical vapor deposition of a silicon nitride film containing a larger positive interface charge density than exists in thermally grown oxides. (iii) An external gate can be added at the rear with low leakage currents and gate voltages of around 15 V. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363231
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitons in silicon diodes and solar cells: A three-particle theory (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 195-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recent work has indicated that a significant number of electrons and holes remain in the free-exciton form in silicon at room temperature, a finding which, if supportable by experimental evidence, requires the inclusion of excitons in diode and solar cell theory. Excitons, although neutral, may contribute to device currents by diffusing to the junction region where they may be dissociated by the field. A generalized three-particle theory of transport in semiconductors is presented. The results of application of the theory to silicon devices indicate a decrease in the dark saturation current as well as an increase in light-generated current when excitons are incorporated in the theory so long as exciton diffusion length exceeds that of the minority carriers. The work includes suggestions for experimental methods to confirm exciton involvement and to estimate the value of the exciton-binding parameter from spectral response measurements on solar cells. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360931
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalization of the Calogero–Cohn bound on the number of bound states (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 37 (1996), S. 1106-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that for the Calogero–Cohn-type upper bounds on the number of bound states of a negative spherically symmetric potential V(r), in each angular momentum state, that is, bounds containing only the integral ∫∞0||V(r)||1/2 dr, the condition V′(r)≥0 is not necessary, and can be replaced by the less stringent condition (d/dr)[r1−2p(−V)1−p]≤0, 1/2≤p〈1, which allows oscillations in the potential. The constants in the bounds are accordingly modified, depend on p and l, and tend to the standard value for p=1/2. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.531450
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    London moment for heavy-fermion superconductors (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 3802-3804 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the London magnetic moment generated in rotating heavy-fermion supercon- ductors are presented. The magnitude of the London moment is found to be identical to that of conventional superconductor, as well as that of high-Tc superconductors, within the experimental resolution of 5%–10%. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116622
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CETACEANS AND LONGLINE FISHERY OPERATIONS AROUND SOUTH GEORGIA (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 12 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00598.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lamaze and Bradley Childbirth Classes: Contrasting Perspectives Toward the Medical Model of Birth (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Birth 23 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-536X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Background: Although many studies have evaluated the outcomes of childbirth education, few have seriously considered the content of the classes or considered any curriculum other than Lamaze. This study contrasts the perspectives of Lamaze and Bradley childbirth classes toward the medical model of birth. Methods: Four full series of Lamaze and four full series of Bradley classes were observed, and 31 women enrolled in the classes were interviewed. Results: Bradley classes were more likely than Lamaze classes to criticize aspects of the conventional hospital birth experience, such as routine electronic fetal monitoring and episiotomy, and to accept the validity of alternatives, such as home birth. Bradley classes were also more explicit in encouraging women to question or resist the judgment of their physician. Women enrolled in Lamaze classes experienced more medical intervention during childbirth than women enrolled in Bradley classes, and the latter seemed to attract women opposed to medical intervention. Conclusion: Although not generalizable, these results provide greater insight into the contrasting perspectives to which birthing women are exposed in childbirth education classes and the process through which these perspectives are communicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-536X.1996.tb00492.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tomea, Paolo: Tradizione apostolica e coscienza cittadina a Milano nel medioevo : Milan, Italy, Vita e Pensiero, Pubblicazioni dell'Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 1993 (1996)
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Church history 65 (1996), S. 301-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-6407
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History , Theology and Religious Studies
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170330
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparing ab initio computed energetics with thermal experiments in surface science: CO/MgO(001) (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 9339-9348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Early measurements of the binding energy of CO/MgO(001) gave low values, 0.15–0.17 eV, for the regular site, while later experiments using two independent experimental techniques (temperature programmed desorption and Clausius–Clapeyron plots) have given a much higher value, 0.43–0.45 eV. Theory has shown the opposite trend: early calculations gave a value of 0.38 eV, while the latest results are 0.07–0.11 eV. We have performed a careful theoretical analysis of the Clausius–Clapeyron experiment which is found to be in the assumed equilibrium region. Quantum chemical cluster modelling of regular, step, and corner sites show that only a low-coordinated (corner) site can fit both the measured binding energy and vibrational frequency shift. Accurate embedding techniques with full account of the crystal potential and a high-level treatment of dynamical correlation using large basis sets have been used. Effects of relaxation of the step have been investigated using atomistic simulation techniques. The binding energies (corrected for basis set superposition errors) are computed as 0.08, 0.18, and 0.48 eV for regular, step and corner sites, respectively. Theoretical temperature programmed desorption spectra have been generated and show that desorption from regular and step sites should be expected at 40 and 80 K, respectively. At a corner site the molecule is tilted at 45° to the normal. From angle-resolved near-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of CO/NiO(100) the molecule has been found to be vertical. Theoretical spectra have been generated including averaging over the frustrated rotations; agreement with the experimental intensity distribution is obtained also for the tilted (at 0 K) geometry. It is suggested that the oxide films contain a high density of defects. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.472724
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