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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 4549-4567 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The extended two-particle model for statistical interactions in particle beams, developed by Jansen [Coulomb Interactions in Particle Beams (Academic, Boston, 1990)], has been refined to improve the accuracy of the predictions of the trajectory displacement effect in particle beam projection systems. The original theory was developed for probe forming systems, such as electron and ion scanning microscopes and Gaussian or shaped beam lithography systems. Fit functions are used within the theory to express part of the numerical output into explicit analytical prescriptions. These functions were found to become inaccurate for the relatively wide beams typically used in the more recently developed projection type lithography systems. New fit functions are presented which extend the applicability of the theory to the wide beams and doublet configurations used in projection systems. The Monte Carlo program MONTEC, used to verify the results of the analytical theory, has been modified as well to account for the first order space charge magnification effect. This effect could be ignored for the relatively small spots of Gaussian and shaped beam systems, but would yield a significant overestimation of the trajectory displacement effect—assumed to be identical to the remaining blur after refocusing—for the wide images used in projection type of systems. The refined analytical theory and the modified MONTEC program have been used to evaluate the impact of statistical interactions on the performance of the SCALPEL electron projection system and a hypothetical ion projection lithography system, representing a simplified model of the IMS ALG-1000 (He+) system. The analytical predictions are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo results. An estimate of the total system resolution, determined by the combined effect of statistical interactions and geometrical aberrations, indicates that maximum attainable beam current for a 0.18 μm design rule is about 25 μA for the SCALPEL and 0.2–0.3 μA for the ion projection system, leading to an ∼10× higher throughput for the former taking the difference in resist sensitivities for electrons and ions into account. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Gerontologie + Geriatrie 31 (1998), S. 271-276 
    ISSN: 0044-281X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Geriatrie – stationäres Leistungsangebot – geriatrisches Konsil – Barthel-Index – Screening nach Lachs ; Key words Geriatric – geriatric consultation – geriatric in-patient offer – Barthel Index – Lachs' Screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the past the calculation for an in-patient special offer (quantity of beds needed) was mainly carried out by diagnosis-based statistics of hospital cases. The decision for an in-patient care within a geriatric unit is however influenced by factors as “status of selfhelp abilities”, “social situation” and “co-morbidity”. Those factors are investigated either directly by the help of the patient himself or by questioning the nurses and/or the medical staff. A new way of measuring will be introduced for this questioning. The crucial element is the Barthel-Index (BI). Supporting measures are done by the inclusion of main datas concerning the social situation as well as recording the modified screening according Lachs. From the 6th of September until 14th of December 1997 the three-part measuring technique was used at seven hospitals in Hamburg (amongst them one University hospital and one hospital with a geriatric unit) within the framework of a representative sample survey. These collected datas register 18 admission days of all patients of sixty or over who at the time of questioning stayed for five days in one of those acute hospitals. In some hospitals some additional datas were collected at the third or 6th day after admission. Altogether a whole “virtual day-admission” of the 60 years old or older patients was collected for the City of Hamburg at the 5th day after admission. Out of 425 patients 137 were moved or exmitted before questioning, 4 had already died. Out of the rest of 284 patients two of them refused the questioning, whilst the datas of 6 patients were not feasible for evaluating. Finally 276 patients were questioned. Out of them 231 patients are “not potential candidates for a geriatric hospital or a geriatric day-care unit”, 8 are “candidates for a geriatric day-care unit directly after discharge of primary care” and 37 are “candidates for an in-patient geriatric hospital”. The presented three-part question-sheet shows a sensitivity of 89.2% and a specification of 92.2%. This measuring technique in the hands of a trained examiner appears to be a valid and manageable tool in the framework of geriatric consultation as well as for the investigation of own directly ascertained statistic datas for “potential candidates for an in-patient geriatric hospital”.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Berechnung eines stationären Leistungsangebotes (“Bettenbedarfs”) erfolgte in der Vergangenheit vorwiegend über diagnosebezogene Fallzahlstatistiken (Krankenhausfälle). Die Entscheidung für die stationäre Versorgung in einer geriatrischen Abteilung wird jedoch zusätzlich durch Faktoren wie “Selbsthilfestatus”, “soziales Umfeld” und “Komorbidität” entschieden. Diese können direkt am Patienten ermittelt oder durch die Befragung der Pflege und/oder des ärztlichen Dienstes erfaßt werden. Für diese Befragung wird ein neues Meßinstrument vorgestellt. Das Kernstück bildet der Barthel-Index (BI). Flankierend erfolgt die Aufnahme der Eckdaten zur sozialen Situation sowie die Erfassung des modifizierten Screenings nach Lachs. Das dreiteilige Meßinstrument wurde vom 6. September bis 14. Dezember 1997 an sieben Hamburger Kliniken (darunter eine Universitätsklinik und eine geriatrieführende Klinik) im Rahmen einer repräsentativen Stichprobe eingesetzt. Die gesammelten Daten erfassen 18 Aufnahmetage aller 60jährigen und älteren, welche am Tag der Befragung den fünften Tag im jeweiligen Akutkrankenhaus verbrachten. An einigen Kliniken wurden zusätzlich Daten ab dem dritten bzw. bis zum sechsten Tag nach Aufnahme erfaßt. Insgesamt wurde durch die ermittelten Daten eine ganze “virtuelle Tagesaufnahme” der 60jährigen und älteren am fünften Tag für die Stadt Hamburg erfaßt. Von 425 Patienten waren 137 bereits vor der Befragung verlegt oder entlassen worden, 4 waren verstorben. Von den verbliebenen 284 PatientInnen lehnten 2 die Befragung ab, die Daten von 6 PatientInnen waren nicht auswertbar; somit wurden 276 PatientInnen befragt. Von diesen stellen 231 “keine potentiellen KandidatInnen für eine Geriatrie oder geriatrische Tagesklinik” dar, 8 sind “KandidatInnen für eine geriatrische Tagesklinik direkt nach der Entlassung aus der Primärversorgung”, und 37 sind “KandidatInnen für eine stationäre Geriatrie”. Der vorgestellte dreiteilige Frage- und Befundbogen zeigt eine Sensitivität von 89,2% und eine Spezifität von 92,2%. In den Händen eines geschulten Untersuchers stellt das Meßinstrument sowohl im Rahmen des geriatrischen Konsils als auch für die Ermittlung eigener direkt erhobener statistischer Kenndaten “potentieller Kandidaten für eine stationäre Geriatrie” ein valides und in der Handhabung praktisches “Handwerkszeug” dar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Pheromone response ; Pseudohyphal development ; Signal modulation ; STE50/STE11 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract STE50 is required to sustain pheromone-induced signal transduction in S. cerevisiae. Here we report that Ste50p is involved in regulating pseudohyphal development. Both of these processes are also dependent on Ste11p. Deletion of STE50 leads to defects in filamentous growth, which can be suppressed by overproduction of Ste11p. Overexpression of STE11 also suppresses the mating defects of ste50 mutants. We have analysed the physical association between Ste50p and Ste11p in extracts of cells harvested under various conditions. A Ste11p-Ste50p complex can be isolated from extracts of cells in which the pheromone response has been activated, as well as from normally growing cells. Formation of the Ste50p-Ste11p complex does not require Gα, Gβ, Ste20p or Ste5p. Oligomerisation of Ste11p is shown to be independent of activation of the pheromone response pathway, and occurs in the absence of Ste50p. We conclude that Ste50p is necessary for Ste11p activity in at least two differentiation programmes: mating and filamentous growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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