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The role of achievement goal orientations and perceived ability upon somatic and cognitive indices of sport competition trait anxiety A study of young athletes (1999)

Ommundsen, Y. ; Pedersen, B. H.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 9 (1999), S. 0

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ISSN: 1600-0838

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine , Sports Science

Notes: Goal orientation theory and competence motivation theory were used to examine the relationships between young athletes' achievement goals and indices of somatic and cognitive trait sport competition anxiety. Included in these analyses were also the potential mediating and moderating role of the athletes' perceived competence in sport. We examined 136 young athletes aged 13 to 18 years involved in organized sport within a community in northern Norway. Whereas no association was found between an ego oriented achievement goal and indices of anxiety, multiple regression analyses revealed that both a high task goal orientation and high perceived sport competence predicted a reduced tendency to report cognitive anxiety when competing in sport. In addition, athletes who perceived their competence in sport as high were found to be less predisposed to experiencing somatic anxiety in the form of elevated physiological arousal when competing than those who doubt their competence. The results further showed that perceived competence did not mediate or moderate the relationships between achievement goal orientations and somatic and cognitive indices of trait sport competition anxiety. The findings suggest that being task oriented in sport as well as having a sense of being competent are important in order to prevent sport competitions giving rise to elevated cognitive anxiety in young athletes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00254.x

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Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) in coastal phytoplankton communities exposure to copper (1999)

Gustavson, Kim ; Petersen, S. ; Pedersen, B. ; [et al.]

Springer

Hydrobiologia 416 (1999), S. 125-138

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: copper ; phytoplankton ; toxicity ; tolerance ; diversity ; species composition ; distribution of copper

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The toxic effect of copper to coastal phytoplankton communities was studied in 6 m3 enclosures during 15 days using the PICT (Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance) methodology. PICT, primary production, algal biomass, species composition and diversity in phytoplankton communities were measured in control enclosures and enclosures with 1, 3, 6 and 15 μg Cu l-1 added. Increased copper tolerances were induced in the enclosures with added copper and, related to the pooled mean value of the controls, the mean values for copper tolerance were significantly higher in enclosures with 1, 6 and 15 μg Cu l-1. In enclosures with 6 and 15 μg Cu l-1, photosynthetic activity was significantly depressed. Fundamental changes in taxonomic diversity and species composition occurred in enclosures with 15 μg Cu l-1. Algal biomass was not affected by the addition of copper. The distribution and concentration of copper in the enclosures showed that copper exposure was almost constant over time in the enclosures and was proportional to the amount of copper added to them. Our studies indicate that the PICT methodology is sensitive enough to detect even minor effects of copper on phytoplankton communities. The PICT measurements indicate effects from concentrations as low as 1 μg Cu l-1 in highly eutrophic coastal areas, where the bioavailability of copper is assumed to be low. Copper concentration in the fjord and control enclosures was high, about 0.5 μg Cu l-1, only a factor two below the effect concentration measured by PICT. These results are significant in view of the increased release of copper to the coastal marine environment as results of the substitution of copper-based ship paints for tri-n-butyltin (TBT) antifouling paints.