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  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1955-1959
  • 2000  (3)
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  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 30 (2000), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. A new children's hospital provided the impetus to investigate radiation dose and image quality in a fluoroscope that was specially engineered for pediatric fluoroscopy. Radiation protection management recommends radiation exposures that are as low as reasonably achievable, while still maintaining diagnostic image quality.¶Objectives. To obtain comparative phantom imaging data on radiation exposure and image quality from a newly installed fluoroscope before and after optimization for pediatric imaging.¶Materials and methods. Images were acquired from various thickness phantoms, simulating differing patient sizes. The images were evaluated for visualization of high- and low-contrast objects and for radiation exposure. Effects due to use of the image intensifier anti-scatter grid were also investigated.¶Results. The optimization of the new fluoroscope for pediatric operation reduced radiation exposure by about 50 % (compared to the originally installed fluoroscope), with very little loss of image quality. Pulsed fluoroscopy was able to lower radiation dose to less than 10 % of continuous fluoroscopy, while still maintaining acceptable phantom image quality.¶Conclusion. Radiation exposure in pediatric fluoroscopy can be reduced to values well below the exposure settings that are typically found on unoptimized fluoroscopes. Pulsed fluoroscopy is considered a requisite for optimal pediatric fluoroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International advances in economic research 6 (2000), S. 84-94 
    ISSN: 1573-966X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Evaluating Keynes' belief that the "general theory" would create a revolution in economics, depends, in part, on what defines the key elements of the general theory. This paper presents the analytical preconditions for one of these key elements, his liquidity preference theory of money. It is argued here that Keynes's liquidity preference theory of money was both a result of his own intellectual development and a theoretical necessity, given the rest of the theoretical structure of the general theory. Specifically, this paper argues that there were two analytical preconditions for the theory of money contained in the general theory. The first was Keynes' rejection of the quantity theory of money as the basis for conducting monetary policy, a theory he inherited from his English predecessors and he himself had embraced and to which he contributed earlier in his professional career. The second was his rejection of the neoclassical loanable funds theory of interest rate determination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of stress management 7 (2000), S. 247-267 
    ISSN: 1573-3424
    Keywords: bias ; sample selection ; reactivity ; attrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Data from a longitudinal occupational health survey of professional fire fighters were used to explore the potential impact of two types of methodological bias: sample selection and reactivity. No significant differences on demographic variables were observed between the group who first responded after a within-study change in survey administration format (Delayed) and respondents who had completed surveys since the study's inception (Initial). However, statistically significant differences in the study's 26 outcome measures provided some evidence that between-group differences did exist and that an “administration format” type of response bias was also potentially present. The effect sizes associated with the 37 observed significant differences ranged from small to medium. These results provide a context for a reexamination of standard techniques for the identification and interpretation of survey research biases. Methods are suggested to strengthen tests for selection bias and to minimize the impact of response biases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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