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  • 2000-2004  (15)
  • 1920-1924
  • 2002  (15)
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  • 2000-2004  (15)
  • 1920-1924
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field distribution and collection efficiency in an AlGaN metal–semiconductor–metal detector (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 6095-6098 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Metal–semiconductor–metal detectors have been fabricated based on AlGaN grown on Si by molecular beam epitaxy. Field distribution and collection efficiency were studied with the ion beam induced charge collection method. The results were explained by numerical two-dimensional calculations of the electric field distribution. The calculated field map and charge buildup at the electrodes are used to explain the bias and position dependence of the ion beam induced charge collection. The similarities and differences with the case of optical detection are discussed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1467630
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reply (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Anaesthesia 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.2412_31.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protective action of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist pioglitazone in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 82 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined the effect of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)agonistofthethiazolidinedione class, on dopaminergic nerve cell death and glial activation in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The acute intoxication of C57BL/6 mice with MPTP led to nigrostriatal injury, as determined by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry, and HPLC detection of striatal dopamine and metabolites. Damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine system was accompanied by a transient activation of microglia, as determined by macrophage antigen-1 (Mac-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity, and a prolonged astrocytic response. Orally administered pioglitazone (∼ 20 mg/kg/day) attenuated the MPTP-inducedglialactivation and prevented the dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In contrast, there was little reduction of MPTP-induced dopamine depletion, with no detectable effect on loss of TH immunoreactivity and glial response in the striatum of pioglitazone-treated animals. Low levels of PPARγ expression were detected in the ventral mesencephalon and striatum, and were unaffected by MPTP or pioglitazone treatment. Since pioglitazone affects primarily the SNpc in our model, different PPARγ-independent mechanisms may regulate glial activation in the dopaminergic terminals compared with the dopaminergic cell bodies after acute MPTP intoxication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00990.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Severe head trauma in children: cranial computer tomography and clinical consequences (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: We investigated the prognostic and therapeutic implications of cranial computerized tomography (CCT) examinations after severe head trauma in children. Materials and methods: The CCT scans from 248 children (aged 0.1–14 years) during the course of treatment after severe head trauma were assessed. The initial CCT findings, the frequency of CCT examinations and the schedule as well as duration of treatment were registered. The neurological outcome was examined both 1 month and 1 year after the trauma. Results: Approximately one-third (29%) of the children who suffered from severe head trauma showed no changes in the CCT. Furthermore, 40.3% of the children showed a singular finding in the CCT, whereas 30.6% of all children had a combined injury pattern. One year after trauma, we found no impairment of consciousness in children without pathological CCT findings, as well as in cases with isolated epidural and subdural haemorrhage. Children with massive generalized brain oedema had the poorest prognosis (37% died, 25% had impairment of consciousness). The outcome of children with parenchymal and ventricular bleeding was also unfavourable (23.1% and 33.3% neurological findings). Patients with focal oedema likewise had impairment of consciousness. An average number of 3.0 CCT per child was performed but numbers in single cases varied greatly (1–13 scans per individual). Conclusions: The initial CCT was of importance regarding further therapy, especially for children in need of surgical treatment. In the other cases, there was no direct impact from CCT findings on treatment procedures in the paediatric intensive care unit. The initial CCT was related to the prognosis, which can be poor even if there are only minimal changes in CCT, such as focal oedema or isolated ventricular bleeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00837.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AMPA receptor antagonist LY293558 reverses preproenkephalin mRNA overexpression in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned-rats treated with l-dopa (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Striatal neurons that contain GABA and enkephalin and project to the external segment of the pallidum are thought to be overactive in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, it has been shown that the appearance of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias is correlated to an increase of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA expression and that some antagonists of glutamate receptors can prevent and reverse l-dopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian rats. The aim of this study was therefore to analyse the effect of a systemic treatment with glutamate receptor antagonists, alone or in combination with l-dopa, on the PPE mRNA level in rats with a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. In vehicle-treated animals, PPE mRNA levels were markedly increased in the striatum on the lesioned side. Sub-chronic l-dopa treatment, with bi-daily injections for 22 days, induced a further increase in PPE mRNA expression in the denervated striatum. Administration of the AMPA receptor antagonist, LY293558, partially reversed the lesion-induced and l-dopa-induced increases in PPE mRNA expression. However, although the administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 showed a tendency to decrease this l-dopa induced overexpression, it did not reach significance. This study provides evidence that glutamatergic antagonists, and particularly AMPA antagonists, tend to reverse PPE neurochemical changes at the striatal level induced by l-dopa in hemiparkinsonian rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02275.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loop diathermy excision compared with cervical laser vaporisation for the treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised controlled trial (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 109 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To determine whether loop diathermy excision of the transformation zone and laser vaporisation are equally effective in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.Design Randomised controlled trial.Population Women referred for evaluation of cytological abnormality who were considered suitable for outpatient local destructive treatment.Setting Seven colposcopy units in the North West Region.Methods Loop diathermy excision of the transformation zone and laser vaporisation.Main outcome measure Smear reported as moderate dyskariosis or worse following treatment.Results Of 289 women randomised, 285 had one or more smears following treatment. Women were more likely to have a smear reported as moderate dyskariosis or worse following laser vaporisation [hazard ratio 3.01 (95% CI 1.27 to 7.12)]. The cumulative risk of a smear reported as moderate dyskariosis or worse was 6.0% at six months and 12.1% at three years in those allocated laser vaporisation, and 2.0% at six months, and 3.3% at three years in those allocated loop diathermy excision of the transformation zone.Conclusions Loop diathermy excision is a more effective treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia than laser vaporisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01277.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of up-regulation of ferritin is associated with sustained iron regulatory protein-1 binding activity in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 83 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Dopaminergic neurones degenerate during Parkinson's disease and cell loss is most extensive in the subpopulation of melanized neurones located in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Iron accumulation, together with a lack of up-regulation of the iron-storing protein, ferritin, has been reported and may contribute to increased oxidative stress in this region. We investigated the binding activity of iron regulatory protein-1 (IRP1) to the iron-responsive element that precludes ferritin mRNA translation, in the substantia nigra of a group of parkinsonian patients who presented a statistically significant reduction in the number of nigral melanized-neurones and an increased iron content, together with unchanged H-ferritin and L-ferritin subunit levels as compared to matched controls. The levels of ferritin mRNAs and the binding activity of IRP1 to the iron-responsive element of ferritin mRNA did not differ significantly between the two groups. Moreover, there was no detectable contribution of the iron regulatory protein-2 (IRP2) binding activity. No change in IRP1 control of ferritin mRNA translation explains the lack of up-regulation of ferritin expression in cytoplasmic extracts of SNpc that would be normally expected with cytosolic iron accumulation. The data of this study do not favor changes in transcription and post-transcriptional regulation of ferritin expression in Parkinson's disease and suggest a ‘compartmentalized’ iron accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01118.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic changes in the basal ganglia of patients with Huntington's disease: an in situ hybridization study of cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: On the basis of the functional model of the basal ganglia developed in the 1980s and the neuropathological findings in Huntington's disease (HD), changes in the neuronal activity of the basal ganglia have previously been proposed to explain the abnormal movements observed in this pathology. In particular, it has been stated that the neurodegenerative process affecting the basal ganglia in the disease should provoke a hypoactivity in the internal segment of the pallidum (GPi) that could explain choreic movements observed in the disease. To test this functional hypothesis, we performed an in situ hybridization study on control and HD brains postmortem, taking cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) mRNAs expression as index of neuronal activity. As most of the HD patients studied were under chronic neuroleptic (NL) treatment, we also studied the brains of non-HD patients under chronic NL treatment. Our results show that in HD brain the number of neurons expressing COI mRNA tends to be lower in the striatum, GPe and GPi, suggesting a severe involvement of these structures during the neurodegenerative process. Moreover, COI mRNA level of expression was markedly reduced within neurons of the putamen and GPe. Surprisingly, COI mRNA expression was not modified in the GPi in HD brains compared with controls. This paradoxical result in the GPi may be explained by the antagonistic effect of GPe hypoactivity and the degenerative process involving neurons of GPi. Our results indicate that the functional modifications, and consequently the pathophysiology of␣abnormal movements, observed in HD basal ganglia are more complex than expected from the currently accepted model of the basal ganglia organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00734.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations—a pharmacological target for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease? (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The oesophago-gastric junction functions as an anti-reflux barrier preventing increased exposure of the oesophageal mucosa to gastric contents. Failure of this anti-reflux barrier results in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and may lead to complications such as oesophagitis, Barrett’s oesophagus and eventually oesophageal carcinoma.Recent studies have suggested that transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation is the main mechanism underlying gastro-oesophageal reflux. It involves a prolonged relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter, mediated by a vago-vagal neural pathway, synapsing in the brainstem.Several drugs, such as atropine, baclofen and loxiglumide, have been shown to reduce the rate of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and concomitantly the number of reflux episodes. These findings illustrate that transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations may represent a potential new target for the pharmacological treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.It is possible that the reduction in the number of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations may also contribute to the beneficial effect of fundoplication and new endoscopic anti-reflux procedures. It should be emphasized, however, that other factors, such as low lower oesophageal sphincter pressure, the presence of a hiatal hernia and impaired oesophageal peristalsis, are also of great importance. Therefore, whether the targeting of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations is the ‘golden bullet’ in anti-reflux therapy remains to be proven, as evidence of an effective control of gastro-oesophageal reflux in reflux patients is still lacking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01153.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 32 (2002), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) belongs to a family of nine transcription factors that share a highly conserved helix–turn–helix DNA-binding domain and a less conserved protein-binding domain. Most IRFs regulate the expression of interferon-α and -β after viral ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng985
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