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  • 2005-2009  (12)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1930-1934
  • 2007  (12)
Material
Years
  • 2005-2009  (12)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1930-1934
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Large data sets on human genetic variation have been collected recently, but their usefulness for learning about history and natural selection has been limited by biases in the ways polymorphisms were chosen. We report large subsets of SNPs from the International HapMap Project that allow us to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 25 (2007), S. 190-191 
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Research on knockout mice is often hampered by embryonic lethal phenotypes caused by defects in the placenta. The problem is particularly acute because the field lacks tools to rescue placental phenotypes or to probe gene function specifically in the placenta. A report in this issue by Okada et al. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1545-9985
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate–dependent enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67). GAD67 is constitutively active and is responsible for basal GABA production. In contrast, GAD65, an autoantigen in type I diabetes, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The start of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum—a period of exceptional global warming about 55 million years ago—is marked by a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion that reflects a massive input of 13C-depleted (‘light’) carbon to the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Large-scale studies of human genetic variation have focused largely on understanding the pattern and nature of single-nucleotide differences within the human genome. Recent studies that have identified larger polymorphisms, such as insertions, deletions and inversions, emphasize the value of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 329 (Jan. 2007), p. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fundamental characteristics of dressing action on the polyurethane pad areinvestigated via dressing by single diamond of different orientations, dressing parameters anddressing path in this study. Experimental results show that a groove with pile-up on both side wallsforms as the diamond moves over the pad with a specific dressing depth. The resulting asperities onthe pad are strongly affected by the diamond orientation. Plowing is found to be the majormechanism responsible for this surface topology if dressing is conducted by the face of a diamond.On the contrary, cutting action dominates when the point of a diamond is responsible for dressing. Itis also found that dressing velocity has an insignificant effect on the groove and ridges created onthe pad. The depth of the groove is smaller than the dressing depth due to the spring back of the pad.When the groove created is repeatedly dressed over the same track, the ridge height and groovedepth increases for each additional dressing. When two grooves cross each other, the ridges at thefour corners of the intersection grow while the depth of the overlapped area decreases. These ridgeswill become the pressure enhancer of the abrasives to polish the wafer
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 534-536 (Jan. 2007), p. 1133-1136 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Kinik Company pioneered diamond pad conditioners protected by DLC barrier(DiaShield® Coating) back in 1999 (Sung & Lin, US Patent 6,368,198) and there has been nofollower since then. Kinik's offered two varieties of DiaShield® Coatings: ultrahard tetrahedralamorphous carbon and superhard hydrogenated DLC. Kink also evaluated Cermet CompositeCoating (CCC or C3, patent pending). C3 is unique that the coating composition grades from ametallic (e.g. stainless steel) under layer to a ceramic (e.g. Al2O3 or SiC) exterior. The metallicunder layer can form metallurgical bond with metallic matrix on the diamond pad conditioner.The ceramic exterior is both wear and corrosion resistant. The gradational design of C3 coatingwill assure its strong adherence to the substrate because there is no weak boundary between coatingand substrate.By dipping diamond pad conditioners of various designs in acidic solution (e.g. coppercleaning solution) for extended periods of time (e.g. 50 hours) the chemical inertness of variousmatrix materials are determined with the decreasing ranking as: hydrogenated DLC 〉 C3 coating 〉tetrahedral amorphous carbon 〉 sintered nichrome 〉 brazed alloy 〉 electroplated nickel
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 534-536 (Jan. 2007), p. 1137-1140 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Diamond grits in tools are typically held in a sintered matrix of metal powder (e.g. Co). Thebonding between diamond and the matrix is essentially mechanical. As a result, most diamondgrits are easily knocked out from the tool during cutting. The diamond industry has designedvarious metal coatings (e.g. Ti, Cr, Si) to improve the adherence of diamond grits in the matrix, butthe improvements have been modest (e.g. up to 50% increase of tool life).A revolutionary “Active Braze Coated Diamond” (ABCD) is now being developed. Thecoating of ABCD is much thicker (e.g. 20 microns) than conventional ones (about 1 micron). Themolten braze is wetted and reacted with diamond to form strong chemical bond at the interface sothat the diamond does not become knocked out of tools.ABCD is coated with a nickel alloy that can form metallurgical diffusion bonds readily withthe metal matrix of the tool. In essence, ABCD turns diamond into a metal grain so that thediamond tools can be made by conventional powder metallurgical process without being concernedabout the poor bonding between matrix metal powder and the diamond as before
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 534-536 (Jan. 2007), p. 1101-1104 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Although diamond tools have been used for over a century, the diamond grits distributionin the matrix is not uniform. This is because the large and light diamond grits tend to segregate fromthe small and heavy metal powder during the mixing process, hence diamond distribution in thediamond tools is intrinsically heterogeneous. As a result, the cutting performance of the diamondtools cannot be optimized.In 1997, Dr. James Chien-Min Sung applied two historical patents that can allow the design ofdiamond distribution according to a predetermined pattern. As the result, the life of diamond toolsmay be doubled; and the cutting speed, may also be twice as high. The three-dimensional sawsegments with arrayed diamond grits were made back in 1999 with the improved performance aspredicted. The Sung invention can allow the diamond tools industry to make ideal saw segment thathas variable diamond size and diamond separation at different regions.Conventional diamond saws contain diamond grits that are distributed randomly in a metalmatrix, as a result, their cutting speeds are slow and their sawing lives are short. In 1997, Dr.James C. Sung applied new patents that revealed revolutionary technology for making diamondtools with diamond grits set in a predetermined pattern. The diamond placement design was firstappeared in a series of DiaGrid® products, such as wire saws and grinding wheels. In 1999,DiaGrid® pad conditioners was introduced and it has since become the world's standard for dressingpads, particularly those used for chemical mechanical planarization of semiconductor devices. In2005, Shinhan adapted the idea and produced saw segments with diamond grits set in apredetermined pattern, their results confirmed that the sawing speed and the life were significantlyimproved over conventional designs
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 534-536 (Jan. 2007), p. 1141-1144 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Diamond grits synthesized under ultrahigh pressure have been commerciallymanufactured since 1957. Most of the diamond grits are for sawing rocks (granite, marble) andconcrete. In 2004, more than 4 billion carats (800 tons) of diamond saw grits were producedworldwide. About 3/4 of total production was made in China, but the Chinese diamond grits tendto be smaller in size (〈40 mesh) and with inferior quality, so their total value accounts for only 1/4of the world sales (about $600 millions).The ultrahigh pressure process for synthesizing diamond grits is due to make a quantum leap:the raw materials will incorporate diamond seeds with a predetermined pattern. The result isdoubling the diamond yield with a narrower size distribution. Moreover, the shape of diamondcrystals can be precisely tuned. For example, diamond octahedra or diamond cubes, that are notavailable today, can be mass-produced. The new technology is now being implementedworldwide so the future diamond grits will have improved quality at reduced prices
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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