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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accident Epidemiology and the U.S. Chemical Industry: Accident History and Worst-Case Data from RMP*Info (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This article reports on the data collected on one of the most ambitious government-sponsored environmental data acquisition projects of all time, the Risk Management Plan (RMP) data collected under section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. This RMP Rule 112(r) was triggered by the Bhopal accident in 1984 and led to the requirement that each qualifying facility develop and file with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency a Risk Management Plan (RMP) as well as accident history data for the five-year period preceding the filing of the RMP. These data were collected in 1999–2001 on more than 15,000 facilities in the United States that store or use listed toxic or flammable chemicals believed to be a hazard to the environment or to human health of facility employees or off-site residents of host communities. The resulting database, RMP*Info, has become a key resource for regulators and researchers concerned with the frequency and severity of accidents, and the underlying facility-specific factors that are statistically associated with accident and injury rates. This article analyzes which facilities actually filed under the Rule and presents results on accident frequencies and severities available from the RMP*Info database. This article also presents summaries of related results from RMP*Info on Offsite Consequence Analysis (OCA), an analytical estimate of the potential consequences of hypothetical worst-case and alternative accidental releases on the public and environment around the facility. The OCA data have become a key input in the evaluation of site security assessment and mitigation policies for both government planners as well as facility managers and their insurers. Following the survey of the RMP*Info data, we discuss the rich set of policy decisions that may be informed by research based on these data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00365
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of postoperative respiratory function by serial blood gas analysis in dogs treated with transdermal fentanyl (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective: To perform blood gas analysis of the respiratory response to transdermal fentanyl in dogs which have experienced an open-chest surgical procedure.Design: Prospective trial.Setting: Veterinary Teaching Hospital Surgical Research and Student Laboratory.Intervention: Dogs were purchased for a surgical laboratory. Students performed a cranial abdominal exploratory and diaphragmatic hernia repair. Sixteen dogs were divided into 2 groups. Dogs received transdermal fentanyl (group F), using an average dose of 4.8 µg/kg/hr, applied to the caudal-lateral abdomen 22 hours before surgery, or intravenous buprenorphine (group B; 0.02 mg/kg) given 1 hour prior to anesthetic induction and every 6 hours postoperatively. All dogs received intravenous acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) preoperatively and every 6 hours postoperatively. Dogs were instrumented with carotid artery catheters.Measurements and main results: Arterial blood gas values were analyzed every 2 hours postoperatively. Plasma fentanyl levels were analyzed every 4 hours postoperatively. The mean carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) did not exceed 45 mmHg in either group. The range in mean PCO2 levels was 32.9 (± 3.4)−38.1 (± 3.9) in group B and 34.7 (± 3.25)−43.6 (± 5.5) in group F. At 2 time points, the mean PCO2 was significantly lower in group B compared with normal levels in group F. Hypoxemia occurred in both the groups. The range in mean oxygen tension (PO2) was 76.5 (± 18.3)−91.1 (± 16.3) in group B and 76.0 (± 10.8)−96.6 (± 7.6) in group F. There was no significant difference in PO2 between groups. Levels of fentanyl considered to be analgesic were maintained for the postoperative period.Conclusions: The use of a relatively high dose of transdermal fentanyl did not induce postoperative hypoventilation as evidenced by serial arterial blood gas analysis in this model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1435-6935.2002.00021.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Virtual Electrode-Induced Positive and Negative Graded Responses: (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148-5018 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 14 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8167
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.03042.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Azimilide, a New Class III Antiarrhythmic Drug, on Reentrant Circuits Causing Ventricular Tachycardia and Fibrillation in a Canine Model of Myocardial Infarction (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 12 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8167
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Effects of Azimilide on Reentrant Circuits. Introduction: Azimilide blocks the slow (IKs) and fast (IKr) components of the delayed rectifier potassium channel. It also has blocking effects on sodium (INa) and calcium currents (ICaL). Its effects on reentrant circuits in infarct border zones causing ventricular tachyarrhythmias are unknown. Methods and Results: Activation in reentrant circuits causing sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) and the initial polymorphic tachycardia that leads to ventricular fibrillation (VF) was mapped in the epicardial border zone (EBZ) of 4-day-old canine infarcts. Azimilide prolonged the effective refractory period (ERP) in both normal myocardium and EBZ, but reverse use-dependence in EBZ was prominent. Azimilide abolished SVT initiation by programmed electrical stimulation by prolonging the ERP at the site of stimulation either in normal or EBZ, preventing the occurrence of early premature impulses and the formation of lines of block in the EBZ necessary for formation of reentrant circuits. Azimilide prevented VF initiation by programmed electrical stimulation by causing conduction block of reentrant impulses in the EBZ during the initial beats of rapid polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, despite the reverse use-dependent effects on ERP. Conclusion: Azimilide has antiarrhythmic effects to prevent reentry causing SVT and VF in a canine infarct model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.01025.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multivessel Off-Pump Coronary Bypass with the Octopus Experience in 226 Patients (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of cardiac surgery 15 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8191
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.2000.tb01288.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Termination of Reentry by a Long-Lasting AC Shock in a Slice of Canine Heart: A Computational Study (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 13 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8167
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: AC Cardioversion in a Canine Slice. Introduction: A heart in fibrillation can be entrained by long-lasting alternating current (AC) stimuli, leading to defibrillation. To investigate the role entrainment plays in defibrillation, computer simulations of AC cardioversion in a three-dimensional slice of the canine heart were performed. Methods and Results: A bidomain finite element model of a 1-mm thick slice across the ventricles of a canine heart was used to simulate termination of transmural reentry with AC shocks. Cardioversion defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) were determined for 200-msec (L) AC shocks at varying frequencies. At the DFT, the entire tissue is entrained by the AC shock. DFT decreases as the frequency of the long-lasting AC shock increases. We hypothesize that this decrease is due to the short period of the high-frequency AC waveform, leaving strong virtual electrode polarization (VEP) after the shock ends. To test this hypothesis, the end-shock VEP were compared for different frequencies, demonstrating stronger polarization as frequency increased. To examine whether entrainment by the long-lasting AC shock contributes to the VEP at the end of the shock, additional simulations were conducted using single-period (Z) AC waveforms. Z waveform DFTs were higher than L waveform DFTs; the Z waveform VEP was weaker than the L waveform VEP at the same frequency. This indicates that entrainment contributes to the development of stronger VEP and, thus, to lower DFT at high frequencies. Conclusion: This study offers for the first time a mechanistic insight into cardioversion with long-lasting AC shocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.01253.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coronary Artery “Pseudothrombus” Due to Collateral Flow Artifact Distal to Left Circumflex Coronary Stenosis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of interventional cardiology 15 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8183
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Since the complexity, morbidity, and costs of coronary interventions are increased when coronary thrombus is present, identification of the cause of an angiographic filling defect is potentially important. We present a case report and review our experience with a flow artifact that mimicked thrombus (“pseudothrombus”) in the setting of a severe proximal stenosis in the left circumflex coronary artery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2002.tb01081.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infantile Chaotic Atrial Tachycardia: Association with Viral Infections (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology 5 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1542-474X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Infantile chaotic atrial tachycardia is a rare, usually self-limited arrhythmia that is frequently resistant to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. In contrast to other arrhythmias in the pediatric population, a pathophvsiologic substrate has not been identified. Four infants who developed chaotic atrial tachycardia in the setting of documented adenovirus or coxsackie virus infections are presented. This association led to the speculation that transient multifocal atrial myocarditis could be the substrate for chaotic atrial tachycardia in some infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474X.2000.tb00399.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postshock Arrhythmogenesis in a Slice of the Canine Heart (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148-5018 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 14 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8167
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Introduction: Recent evidence has demonstrated that defibrillation shocks terminate or reset reentrant activity in the myocardium through the generation of virtual electrode polarization (VEP). Previous research has revealed that the shock establishes phase singularities (PSs) in the tissue via the VEP mechanism. The aim of this study was to examine, as a function of shock strength and electrode configuration, the relationship between end-shock PSs and the reentrant circuits established after failed defibrillation attempts. Methods and Results: The study uses a complex three-dimensional finite-element bidomain model of a slice of the canine heart characterized by realistic geometry and fiber architecture and undergoing a single scroll wave. Defibrillation shocks of increasing strength are delivered through three different electrode configurations. The results demonstrated that 〉98% of all PSs have a lifetime of half a reentrant cycle or less. Stronger shocks result in a faster rate of annihilation of postshock PSs. For failed shocks, the surviving PSs underlie the activity of one or more scroll waves, which remain stationary in the slice. For all electrode configurations tested, the increase in shock strength leads to a rapid initial increase in the number of postshock reentries followed by a slower decrease; similar behavior is observed with regard to end-shock PSs. Conclusion: These results present new evidence regarding the mechanisms underlying failure of defibrillation shocks. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. S249-S256, October 2003, Suppl.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540.8167.90317.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On Sharing NATO Defence Burdens in the 1990s and Beyond (2000)
    London, UK : The Institute for Fiscal Studies
    Fiscal studies 21 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article investigates NATO burden sharing in the 1990s in light of strategic, technological, political and membership changes. Both an ability-to-pay and a benefits-received analysis of burden sharing are conducted. During 1990–99, there is no evidence of disproportionate burden sharing, where the large allies shoulder the burdens of the small. Nevertheless, the theoretical model predicts that this disproportionality will plague NATO in the near future. Thus far, there is still a significant concordance between benefits received and defence burdens carried. When alternative expansion scenarios are studied, the extent of disproportionality of burden sharing increases as NATO grows in size. A broader security burden-sharing measure is devised and tested; based on this broader measure, there is still no disproportionality evident in the recent past.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2000.tb00026.x
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