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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray transmission through a plasma window (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 1677-1679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Traditional solid window materials used for x-ray synchrotron beamlines may introduce undesirably high attenuation, or are subject to failure under high heat loads. A plasma window can in principle obviate these problems over a wide range of energies. Experiments were performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory National Synchrotron Light Source on beamline X6A to study the transmission characteristics of a plasma window using argon as the arc gas. Measurements were made around the Ar K edge and far from resonance. The "white-line" absorption at the K edge was actually suppressed during arc operation as compared to room temperature gas at the same pressure. This is attributed to the high degree of ionization in the plasma. The relative strength of the white line to the edge jump does not seem to be a strong function of arc current at the argon K edge. Away from resonance (∼3 times the edge energy) x-ray attenuation was negligible. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1344598
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BURETTE ARRANGEMENT. (1902)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 24 (1902), S. 476-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja02019a009
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionization potentials and radii of neutral and ionized species of elements 107 (bohrium) and 108 (hassium) from extended multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock calculations (2002)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 116 (2002), S. 1862-1868 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Large multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock calculations were performed for all neutral and up to 7 and 8 times ionized species of elements 107 and 108, respectively, as well as all the homologous elements Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, and Os for a number of different total angular momenta. Comparison of the resulting ionization potentials to the known values of the homologues allow an extrapolation and thus a prediction of the chemically important seven or eight ionization potentials of elements 107 or 108 as well as a prediction of some ionic radii. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1430256
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of two vortices on a beta-plane (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 13 (2001), S. 884-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two motion of two interacting vortices in the presence of a background gradient of potential vorticity due to the β-effect is considered. The vortices, and their interaction, are modeled using a two-layer, quasigeostrophic model. The paper extends that of McDonald [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 456, 1029 (2000)] who, using a similar model, considered only steady configurations of zonally aligned vortices, i.e., lying along the same parallel of latitude. Here Green's function techniques are used to calculate the velocity of one vortex due to the presence of the Rossby wave wake of the other. This enables consideration of the more general case of vortices having arbitrary relative location, the only requirement being that the vortices are well-separated (i.e., several Rossby radii apart). An additional quasisteady approximation enables the time evolution of vortices to be studied. Of particular interest is the existence of equilibrium configurations in which the vortices do not move relative to each other and maintain their orientation with respect to the direction defined by the gradient of the background potential vorticity field. It is shown that necessary conditions for equilibrium are that the vortices are (a) of equal strength, or (b) aligned zonally. The stability of equilibria to small perturbations in the relative location of the vortices is investigated and the equilibria found to be weakly unstable in that the vortex trajectories drift slowly (but not exponentially fast) from their equilibrium paths. This is verified by numerical computation of the trajectories near equilibrium. For equal strength vortices not in equilibrium the distance between the vortices remains constant, but the line joining the two vortices rotates with constant angular velocity. For this case, examples of the trajectories of the individual vortices and the center of mass are given. For vortices of differing strength and arbitrary initial configurations, the motion is, in general, complicated. Some examples are presented. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1351858
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is your patient taking the medicine? A simple assay to measure compliance with 5-aminosalicylic acid-containing compounds (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Poor compliance with 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy has been reported amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Currently, there is no easy method to monitor 5-aminosalicylic acid; however, the chemical similarity between 5-aminosalicylic acid and salicylate might provide a solution.Aim : To determine the feasibility of using salicylate levels to monitor compliance with 5-aminosalicylic acid medication.Methods : Thirty-six patients with inflammatory bowel disease, taking maintenance 5-aminosalicylic acid, provided either a paired serum and urine sample or an intestinal biopsy. Samples were split into two: half were sent to the hospital biochemistry department for salicylate measurement, and half were analysed for 5-aminosalicylic acid and its metabolite, N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid, using high performance liquid chromatography. Correlation between the results was calculated.Results : Serum and urine were available for 25 patients. Serum salicylate was undetectable, but urinary salicylate ranged from 31 to 3254 µg/mL. The correlations between urinary salicylate and 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid were 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.91–0.98) and 0.9 (95% confidence interval, 0.77–0.96), respectively. Sixteen biopsies were available from 13 patients. The 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid concentrations were 0.2–657 ng/mg and 1.6–1598 ng/mg, respectively; there was no correlation with bowel salicylate.Conclusions : The close correlation between 5-aminosalicylic acid and salicylate levels offers a simple method to assess compliance with 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01375.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE CHLOROPLAST ATP SYNTHASE: A Rotary Enzyme? (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 51 (2000), S. 83-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-2519
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase is located in the thylakoid membrane and synthesizes ATP from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate at the expense of the electrochemical proton gradient formed by light-dependent electron flow. The structure, activities, and mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase are discussed. Emphasis is given to the inherent structural asymmetry of the ATP synthase and to the implication of this asymmetry to the mechanism of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. A critical evaluation of the evidence in support of and against the notion that one part of the enzyme rotates with respect to other parts during catalytic turnover is presented. It is concluded that although rotation can occur, whether it is required for activity of the ATP synthase has not been established unequivocally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.83
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in the production and concentration of selected alkaloids as a function of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and air temperature: implications for ethno-pharmacology (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The influence of recent and projected changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] with and without concurrent increases in air temperature was determined with respect to growth characteristics and production of secondary compounds (alkaloids) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and jimson weed (Datura stramonium L.) over a ca. 50-day period. Rising [CO2] above that present at the beginning of the 20th century resulted in consistent, significant increases in leaf area, and above ground dry weight (both species), but decreased leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) in jimson weed. Increased temperature resulted in earlier development and increased leaf area for both species, but increases in above ground final dry weight were observed only for jimson weed. The secondary compounds evaluated included the alkaloids, nicotine, atropine and scopolamine. These compounds are generally recognized as having impacts with respect to herbivory as well as human physiology. Rising [CO2] reduced the concentration of nicotine in tobacco; but had no effect on atropine, and increased the concentration of scopolamine in jimson weed. However, because of the stimulatory effect of [CO2] on growth, the amount of all three secondary compounds increased on a per plant basis in both species. Temperature per se had no effect on nicotine or scopolamine concentration, but significantly increased the concentration and amounts of atropine per plant. Overall, the underlying mechanism of CO2 induced changes in secondary compounds remains unclear; however, these data suggest that the increase in [CO2] and temperature associated with global climate change may have significant effects not only with respect to herbivory, but on the production of secondary compounds of pharmacological impact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001029.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated Antibody Responses in Patients with Crohn's Disease against a 14-kDa Secreted Protein Purified from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 10) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 10) were tested for immune responses against various antigens from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; alkyl hydroperoxide reductase C (AhpC) and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase D (AhpD), which are constitutively expressed in this species as opposed to other mycobacteria, a 14-kDa secreted antigen and PPD-J. The CD patients had significantly elevated antibody levels against the 14 kDa protein (P 〈 0.05) that were negatively correlated with the duration of the disease (rs = − 0.85). They also seemed to have increased antibody levels against AhpC and AhpD, but the differences between the two groups were not significant. However, taken together, the antibody responses to three individual mycobacterial antigens in CD patients strengthen the possibility that the observed responses are caused by mycobacterial infection. No significant differences in the interferon (IFN)-γ production, the interleukin (IL)-10 production and the ability to proliferate upon stimulation with these antigens were observed. These results show that measuring antibody responses against purified specific antigens is a suitable and simple approach when assessing the connection between CD and mycobacteria in patients with clinical CD. Another important aspect in such studies is to have well defined patient groups tested at the onset of clinical symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00857.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Extract of the Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill Administered Orally Protects Against Systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Mice (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 62 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim was to investigate the antibacterial effect of the biologically active and edible mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM). A water extract of AbM or PBS control was administered orally before or with challenge to NIH/OlaHsd mice, experimentally infected intraperitoneally with the moderately virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. End points were bacteraemia and survival rate. The AbM extract, protected against systemic S. pneumoniae 6B infection in the mice. It was most effective when given 24 h before inoculation but did also have protective effects when given together with challenge compared with control. The lack of antibiotic effect on pneumococci in vitro and increased levels of cytokines MIP-2 and TNF-α in the serum of mice receiving AbM extract, indicated that the protective effect of AbM was due to the involvement of the native immune system. This is the first report of anti-infection effects of AbM in vivo. Our results suggest that AbM extract may be useful as additional prophylactic and possibly therapeutic treatment against bacterial and possibly other infections in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01667.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prior exposure to a behaviorally sensitizing regimen of d-methamphetamine does not alter the striatal dopaminergic damage induced by a neurotoxic regimen (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 5 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs such as d-methamphetamine (d-METH) and cocaine can be associated with extremely long-lived changes in dopamine systems at the behavioral, cellular and molecular level. Sensitization or an enhanced response to drug exposure is one such change. Investigations of these phenomena at the cellular and molecular levels are being conducted in the hope that this will aid in understanding how such adaptations might contribute to drug addition. Repeated exposure to certain amphetamines can also result in damage to dopaminergic pathways. Although some of the same molecular adaptations and mechanisms are suspected to occur or play a role in the neurotoxic sequelae associated with psychostimulant exposure, there has been little attempt to examine the relationship among these phenomena. Here we utilized C57BL/6J female mice to examine whether exposure to a sensitizing regimen of d-METH would impact the degree of neural injury induced by a subsequent exposure to a neurotoxic regimen of the same psychostimulant. Every other day exposure to d-METH (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg) for 11 days produced a behavioral sensitization, as evidenced by a significant increase in the degree of locomotor activity induced by each subsequent exposure to d-METH. Following a 5-day period of no drug exposure sensitized mice were given a neurotoxic regiment of d-METH (a total of four injections of 10.0 mg/kg, one every 2 hours) and striatal tissue examined 72 hours later. All groups, whether drug-naive or sensitized previously to d-METH, showed exactly the same degree of dopaminergic striatal damage induced by a neurotoxic regimen. This was evidenced by equivalent reductions in dopamine and elevations in GFAP protein, a marker of astrocytic response to injury, GFAP. The inability of a sensitizing regimen to either exacerbate or lessen the neurotoxic actions of the same compound suggests that the molecular and cellular control of these two aspects of psychostimulant exposure may differ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2000.tb00203.x
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