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Developmental shift of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) terminals into deeper regions of the superficial dorsal horn: correlation with a shift from TrkA to Ret expression by dorsal root ganglion neurons (2001)

Guo, A. ; Simone, D. A. ; Stone, L. S. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of neuroscience 14 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1460-9568

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: The cloned vanilloid receptor VR1 can be activated by capsaicin and by thermal stimuli. The pattern of nerve terminals that contain VR1 in adult rat spinal cord does not correspond to axons that arise from a single subset of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Thus, we postulated that the basis underlying this complexity might be better understood from a developmental perspective. First, using capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia as a measure of VR1 function, we found that vanilloid receptors were functional as early as postnatal day 10 (P10), although hyperalgesia was of longer duration in adult. Interestingly, the appearance of VR1 protein in terminals of dorsal root ganglion neurons shifts over this postnatal period. From embryonic day 16 to P20, the majority of VR1 protein in the spinal cord was observed in lamina I. As animals matured, VR1 protein became more abundant in lamina II, particularly in the inner portion. Consistent with these observations, the number of dorsal root ganglion neurons coexpressing VR1 and isolectin B4 binding sites doubled while the number of neurons that had both VR1 and substance P remained relatively constant from P2 to P10. In peripheral processes, the number of VR1-positive nerve fibres and terminals in cutaneous structures in postnatal day 10 was half of that in adults. We also show that the association of VR1 with Ret is the reciprocal of the association of VR1 with Trk A. These results suggest that neurotrophins may regulate the extent to which populations of dorsal root ganglion neurons express VR1.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01665.x

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Effect of Hyperbranched Vegetable Oil Polyols on Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foams (2007)

Petrović, Z.S. ; Javni, I. ; Jing, X. ; [et al.]

s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland

Materials science forum Vol. 555 (Sept. 2007), p. 459-465

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ISSN: 1662-9752

Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008

Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: Molded polyurethane foams for car seats are based on petrochemical polyols ofmolecular weight 4000-6000 and copolymer polyols containing micron size polymeric particles.Copolymer polyols (CPP) typically constitute 30% of the mixture with the base polyol. They helpcell opening, increase load bearing and tear strength of the foams, but they are relatively expensive.Hyperbranched polyols of petrochemical origin were used in molded foams.[1] They are solid inthe pure form and due to high crosslinking density could be incorporated at low concentration inconjunction with copolymer polyols. Instead, we have made hyperbranched polyols which could bea total replacement for CPP in molded foams. Six hyperbranched polyols with primary andsecondary hydroxyl groups and different hydroxyl numbers were prepared from soybean oil andtested in flexible foams. Novel polyols were liquid even at very high molecular weights and couldcompletely replace copolymer polyols. Functionality of these polyols increased linearly withmolecular weight to very high values, resulting eventually in their high crosslinking power. Theeffects of the type of hydroxyl groups (primary vs. secondary), hydroxyl number (from 85 to 135mg KOH/g), and concentration (7.5-30%) in the mixture with the base polyol on foam propertieswere analyzed. It was found that hyperbranched polyols could replace copolymer polyolscompletely but their effect on cell morphology and mechanical properties varied with the type ofpolyol and concentration