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  • 2005-2009  (1)
  • 1975-1979  (6)
  • 1970-1974  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 27 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Application of drug substances to the skin for systemic absorption or action in a particular layer of the skin is a rather old approach. However, over the last years it has received much more attention, as a consequence of the development of new membrane-moderated and matrix reservoir devices. As new reservoir systems, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN™) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC™) have been successfully tested for dermal application of different physicochemical substances. The knowledge obtained from rheological investigations of these systems may be highly useful for the characterization of the newly developed topical formulation. In the present study, an oscillation frequency sweep test was used for the evaluation of storage modulus (G_), loss modulus (G_), and complex viscosity (_*) of 12 different SLN and NLC formulations, over a frequency range from 0 to 10 Hz. The lipidic aqueous dispersions were prepared using three different solid lipids (Softisan_138, Compritol_888 and stearyl alcohol) as matrix material. Miglyol_812, tocopherol, sunflower oil and long-chain triacylglycerols were the chosen liquid lipids for NLC preparation. The objective of the present work was to investigate the effect of these different liquid lipids on the rheological properties of aqueous dispersions of NLC as model systems. It was found that the liquid oil component of the formulation has a strong influence on the viscoelastic parameters, which are dependent on the particle size, zeta potential and crystallinity of the lipid particles, as well as on the solid lipid used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 18 (1979), S. 97-108 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 5 (1971), S. 829-834 
    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 61 (1979), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High resolution photographs obtained at the Pic du Midi Observatory show that there are three types of sunspot light bridges according to their morphological structures: the photospheric ones, the penumbral ones and the umbral ones. Consequently there are no specific structures in light bridges; it results that they should not be due to specific physical properties. Properties of the fine structure of a penumbral light bridge are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 29 (1973), S. 55-73 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A sequence of 34 photographs of the main spot of the group H 26 (Daily Maps of the Sun, Freiburg 1970, Rome number 5847) has been obtained with the 38 cm refractor of the Pic-du-Midi Observatory, showing throughout a resolution very close or equal to 0′'.3. An interval of 3 hr is covered. The pictures taken at intervals of 6 min approximately permit to study the fine structure of the penumbra and associated phenomena: (a) The penumbra appears to consist of bright grains, generally lined up in the form of filaments, showing up against a dark background (see Figure 1). (b) The bright grains form all over the penumbra (see Figure 5). (c) They move toward the umbra of the spot. Their horizontal velocity is zero at the border penumbra-photosphere and maximum at the umbral border (0.5 km s−1) (see Figures 3,4 and 8). Therefore, the grains never originate in the photosphere nor do they enter it. (d) They disappear in the penumbra proper or, if they form near enough to the umbra and live long enough, they can enter the umbra and their appearance becomes similar to that of umbral dots. (e) The life time of the grains is a function of their place of origin within the penumbra: It is maximum and of the order of 3 hr or more for those forming in the middle part of the penumbra, and 50 and 40 min respectively for the points formed in the inner and outer part of the penumbra.
    Notes: Resumé Une séquence de 34 photographies de la tache principale du groupe H 26 (Daily Maps of the sun, Freiburg 1970, Rome number 5847) a été obtenue avec le réfracteur de 38 cm, de l'Observatoire du Pic du Midi, avec une résolution égale ou trés proche de O′'.3. Un intervalle de 3h étant couvert, ces clichés, pris à environ 6 min d'intervalle, permettent l'étude des structures fines de la pénombre et des phénomènes associés: (a) La pénombre apparaît constitutée de grains brillants, généralement alignés en filaments, qui se détachent sur un fond sombre (voir Figure 1). (b) Les grains brillants se forment dans la pénombre (voir Figure 5) (c) Ils se déplacent vers l'ombre de la tache. Leur vitesse horizontale est nulle au bord photosphère-pénombre et maximum au bord de l'ombre (0.5 km s−1) (voir Figures 3, 4 et 8). Ainsi ils ne peuvent entrer dans la photosphère ni en provenir. (d) Ils disparaissent dans la pénombre elle-même ou bien, s'ils naissent suffisamment prés de l'ombre et si leur durée de vie est assez longue, ils rentrent dans cette dernière tandis que leur aspect se rapproche de celui des points ombraux, pour finallement disparaître en s'estompant. (e) La durée de vie des grains dépend de leur lieu d'apparation dans la pénombre: il est maximum et de l'ordre de 3 h ou plus dans la pénombre centrale, et de 50 et 40 min respectivement pour ceux formés dans les régions intérieures et extérieures de la pénombre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 32 (1973), S. 409-420 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The microphotometric analysis of the fine structure of a sunspot penumbra, photographed in white light with the 38 cm refractor of the Pic du Midi Observatory with a resolution very close to 0′'.3, allows to give from it, at λ5280, the following picture: the penumbra appears to consist of bright grains, lined up in the form of filaments, with an average brightness I/I b = 0.95 of average width 0″.36 (270 km) and which cover 43% of its surface, showing up a dark background of brightness I/I d = 0.6 nearly uniform.
    Notes: Resumé L'analyse microphotométrique des structures fines de la pénombre d'une tache solaire, photographiée en lumiére blanche au Pic du Midi avec une résolution de l'ordre de 0′'.3, permet d'en donner, à λ15280, l'image suivante: elle est constituée d'un fond sombre (espaces interfilamentaires) de brillance I/I d = 0.6 à peu près uniforme, avec un léger gradient radial, sur lequel se détachent des grains brillants alignés en filaments, de brillance moyenne I/I b = 0.95, de largeur moyenne 0′'.36 (270 km) et qui recouvrent 43% de sa surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 48 (1976), S. 101-102 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is confirmed that the penumbral bright grains are moving towards the sunspots umbra. At the umbra-penumbra boundary their horizontal velocity is about 0.5 km s−1 and their displacement is inclined downwards with an angle of 5° to 20°.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 52 (1977), S. 249-262 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract From time series of high resolution photographs, morphological properties of the photospheric facular granules were derived. The facular granules are cells of the common granular pattern, brighter than the normal granules when seen between cos θ = 0.6 and the limb. Their apparent diameter, which decreases towards the limb, is smaller than that of the normal granules: 0″.65 and 1″.25 respectively at cos θ = 0.55; their lifetime is 25 min but their ‘bright stage’ lifetime is only 15 min; they are visible closer to the limb than the normal granules: 1″.2 compared to 2″–5″; the brightening of the facular granules occurs at a faster rate than their fading. From the great similitude of both morphological properties and temperature models of facular and normal granules, it appears possible that the photospheric facular granules are convective cells modified by the presence of a magnetic field of some hundreds Gauss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 9 (1972), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 1573-9279
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 45 (1975), S. 105-114 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High resolution pictures (about 0″.3) of photospheric faculae near the solar limb have been obtained with the Pic du Midi 50 cm refractor; their granular structure then clearly appears. The microphotometric study of these facular granules shows that the ratio of their intensity to the photospheric intensity, I f/I ph (cosθ) reaches a maximum near cosθ = 0.3 and then decreases towards the limb. The values of this ratio have been corrected with a most likely spread function. Then a temperature model of a facular granule is obtained: with respect to the neighbouring photosphere, this granule appears as a photospheric ‘hot cloud’ which does not extend high in the solar atmosphere (thickness 100 km above τ5000 = 1). The temperature excess is 750K at maximum. This hot region is located over a layer which is cooler than the normal photosphere at the same level. Another hot region might extend above the photospheric ‘hot cloud’, possibly up to the chromosphere. This photospheric facula model which is confined to the lower photosphere seems to indicate that this phenomenon is different from the photospheric network which is visible up to the lower chromosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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