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  • 2005-2009  (51)
  • 1915-1919  (4)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE SYNTHESIS OF IMINOURACIL-6-ACETIC ACID. (1918)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 40 (1918), S. 1133-1135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja02240a016
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging Behavior and Monetary Impact of Wading Birds at Arkansas Baitfish Farms (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 36 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract— We conducted foraging observations, food habits studies, and producer surveys to determine the foraging behavior and monetary impact of great blue herons Ardea herodas, great egrets A. alba, and little blue herons Egrerra caerulea foraging at Arkansas baiffish farms. Although great egrets captured most baitfish/minute, captures/strike were nearly identical among the three wading bird species. American gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, goldfish Carassius auratus, and giant water bugs Hemiptera: Belostomatidae were collected from the gastro-intestinal tract of great blue herons. Only golden shiners Noremgonus crysoleucas and goldfish were found in great egrets. We found dragonflies Odonata, golden shiners, green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus, and water bugs in little blue herons. In contrast to other birds collected, snowy egrets E. thula were found to contain mosquito fish Gambusia affinis. Among 2,742 teleost otoliths recovered from collected great blue herons, great egrets, and little blue herons, most otoliths belonged to the Cyprinidae family (including the baiffishes). Surveyed farm managers use various auditory and visual stimuli to disperse fish-eating birds from their farms. Surveyed baitfish farmers suggested that the average cost of their annual bird harassment program was $11,580 at relatively small farms (〈 202 ha) and $104,560 at relatively large × 202 ha) baitfish aquaculture facilities. We estimated the replacement cost of baitfish consumed by wading buds based upon their daily food requirements, the food habits of herons and egrets at baiffish farms, the hypothetical abundance of wading birds at a particular baitfish farm (relative to survey results), the duration of herons and egrets reported by farm managers, and current baitfish market values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00339.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fat Taxes: Big Money for Small Change (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 10 (2007), S. 2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: In an attempt to improve the nation's health, many U.S. policy makers have or are considering imposing taxes on the fat in food. Dairy products constitute a large portion of at home fat consumption of particularly harmful types of fat, and nearly all U.S. households consume these products. We estimate a demand system for dairy products, which we use to simulate substitution effects among dairy products and the welfare impacts of fat taxes on various consumer groups. We find that even a 10 percent ad valorem tax on the percentage of fat would reduce fat consumption by less than a percentage point. Given that the demand for most dairy products is inelastic, a fat tax is an effective means to raise revenue. However, these fat taxes are unattractive because they are extremely regressive, and the elderly and poor suffer much greater welfare losses from the taxes than do younger and richer consumers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/10/2/2
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression and Reversal of Drop Formation in a Model Paint Film (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 2 (2007), S. 19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a paint film is applied to the underside of a horizontal substrate, instabilities will lead to the formation of pendant drops. For sufficiently thick coatings, the drops may even detach from the coating before the coating dries. But even for thin paint films, with sufficiently high evaporation rates and viscosity, drop formation will lead to coating irregularities with thick regions (corresponding to the center of the drop) adjacent to much thinner regions (corresponding to troughs between drops.) In this paper we present a mathematical and numerical model based on the lubrication approximations for the drying of paint films on the underside of horizontal substrates. The paint is modeled as a multicomponent liquid with one non-volatile and one volatile component, termed the ``resin'' and ``solvent'' respectively. Our model includes the effects of surface tension and gravitational forces, and we show that surface tension gradient effects due to solvent evaporation must be considered to correctly model the post-application flow of certain paints. Simulations are given for an array of parameters, and they show that surface tension gradients can dramatically affect the post-application behavior of a model paint film, generally causing the suppression and reversal in drop growth, consequently leading to a more even final coating layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol2/iss3/19
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Baseball Errors (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of quantitative analysis in sports 2 (2006), S. 3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1559-0410
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sports Science
    Notes: This paper examines the factors that determine the rate of errors called in major league baseball, and changes in the error rate over time. We find that (1) the rate of errors depends on the quality of play and characteristics of the field, but that (2) these do not fully explain variations in the error rate. With regard to point 1, we find that the error rate is higher when the quality of fielding is suspect, i.e., the performance of an expansion team in its first year, or the fielding done by replacement players during World War II, and lower when playing conditions are better, e.g. on artificial turf and during night games. With regard to point 2, we find evidence that official scorers are biased toward the home team, but that the bias declined when the stakes involved increased, with the advent of arbitration and free agency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/jqas/vol2/iss4/3
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IONS AND RNA FOLDING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 221-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The problem of how ions influence the folding of RNA into specific tertiary structures is being addressed from both thermodynamic (by how much do different salts affect the free energy change of folding) and structural (how are ions arranged on or near an RNA and what kinds of environments do they occupy) points of view. The challenge is to link these different approaches in a theoretical framework that relates the energetics of ion-RNA interactions to the spatial distribution of ions. This review distinguishes three different kinds of ion environments that differ in the extent of direct ion-RNA contacts and the degree to which the ion hydration is perturbed, and summarizes the current understanding of the way each environment relates to the overall energetics of RNA folding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144511
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated measures screening for Down's Syndrome (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 112 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective  To demonstrate the potential value of screening for Down's Syndrome using highly correlated repeated measures of serum markers taken in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.Design  A Monte Carlo simulation study.Population  Detection rates and false positive rates relating to the maternal age distribution of England and Wales for the period 1996 to 1998 were obtained using marker distributions from the SURUSS study.Results  Screening using first trimester nuchal translucency and repeated measures of uE3 and PAPP-A in the first and second trimester has an estimated false positive rate of 0.3% for an 85% detection rate. This should be compared with the integrated test with an estimated false positive rate of 1.2% for the same detection rate.Conclusions  The performance of repeated measures screening tests, and their acceptability to women, should be assessed in further prospective studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00343.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A randomised comparison of microwave endometrial ablation with transcervical resection of the endometrium; follow up at a minimum of five years (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 112 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective  To compare long term outcomes following microwave endometrial ablation (MEA) or transcervical resection of the endometrium (TCRE).Design  Follow up of a randomised controlled trial.Setting  Gynaecology department of a large UK teaching hospital.Population/Sample  Two hundred and thirty-nine participants in a randomised comparison of MEA with TCRE.Methods  Collection of patient completed postal questionnaires and operative databank review.Main outcome measures  Women's satisfaction with and acceptability of treatment, menstrual symptoms, changes in health-related quality of life and additional treatments received.Results  Two hundred and thirty-six of the original 263 women returned questionnaires (90%) after a minimum of five years post-treatment. Women allocated to MEA were significantly more likely to be totally or generally satisfied with treatment (86%vs 74%; difference 12%, 95% CI 2% to 23%), to find it acceptable (97%vs 91%; difference 6%, 95% CI 1% to 13%) and would recommend it (97%vs 89%; difference 8%, 95% CI 1% to 14%). Bleeding and pain scores were highly significantly reduced following both MEA and TCRE, achieving amenorrhoea rates of 65% and 69%, respectively. The hysterectomy rate after a minimum of five years was 16% in the MEA and 25% in the TCRE arm.Conclusions  Both techniques achieve significant and comparable improvements in menstrual symptoms, and health-related quality of life. While high rates of satisfaction with treatment and acceptability of treatment are achieved by TCRE, these are significantly lower than levels following MEA. These long term data, when combined with the trials' operative findings and known costs of both procedures, now inform us that MEA is a more effective and efficient treatment for heavy menstrual loss than TCRE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00511.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple sclerosis (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Immunological reviews 204 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary:  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex genetic disease associated with inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) white matter and is thought to be mediated by autoimmune processes. Clonal expansion of B cells, their antibody products, and T cells, hallmarks of inflammation in the CNS, are found in MS. The association of the disease with major histocompatibility complex genes, the inflammatory white matter infiltrates, similarities with animal models, and the observation that MS can be treated with immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies support the hypothesis that autoimmunity plays a major role in the disease pathology.This review discusses the immunopathology of MS with particular focus given to regulatory T cells and the role of B cells and antibodies, immunomodulatory therapeutics, and finally new directions in MS research, particularly new methods to define the molecular pathology of human disease with high-throughput examination of germline DNA haplotypes, RNA expression, and protein structures that will allow the generation of a new series of hypotheses that can be tested to develop better understandings and therapies for this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00240.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    METABOLIC SYNDROME: A Clinical and Molecular Perspective (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Medicine 56 (2005), S. 45-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4219
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated common clinical disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels). According to recently defined criteria, the metabolic syndrome is prevalent and is associated with a greater risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease than any of its individual components. Primary defects in energy balance that produce obesity (and visceral adiposity in particular) are sufficient to drive all aspects of the syndrome. Increased free fatty acids and lipid accumulation in certain organs are mediators of insulin resistance. Obesity also leads to a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state that potentiates atherosclerosis. Pathways leading directly from adiposity to the genesis of dyslipidemia and hypertension have been elucidated. Recent knowledge implies a role for fat-derived "adipokines," including TNFʼ̛ and adiponectin, as pathogenic contributors or protective factors. Current therapies include diet and exercise as well as agents indicated for the treatment of individual components of the syndrome. Future therapies may accrue from the aggressive pursuit of newer molecular drug targets that have the potential to prevent or treat multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.56.082103.104751
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