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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 70 (1999), S. 114-122 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Focal hepatic disease ; Imaging ; Diagnostic strategy ; Diagnostic efficacy. ; Schlüsselwörter: Focale Leberläsionen ; Bildgebung ; diagnostische Effizienz.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Abhängig vom Primärtumor treten bei bis zu 80 % der Patienten mit einem extrahepatischen Malignom Lebermetastasen auf. Für ein zielgerichtetes, therapeutisches Management dieser Patienten ist erforderlich, daß Lebermetastasen ausgeschlossen oder nachgewiesen werden und ggf. in ihrer Zahl, Lokalisation und Größe bestimmt werden. Prinzipiell kommen dazu Sonographie, Computertomographie (CT), Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT), nuklearmedizinische Verfahren und Angiographie in Frage. Alle diese Methoden wurden laufend weiterentwickelt und technisch verbessert, so daß auch ihre diagnostische Aussagekraft zugenommen hat. Die biphasische, Kontrastmittel-verstärkte Spiral-CT (SCT) und MRT mit modernen Pulssequenzen und gewebespezifischen Kontrastmitteln haben sich hinsichtlich ihrer diagnostischen Effizienz und der Reproduzierbarkeit der Untersuchungsergebnisse als überlegen erwiesen. Mit SCT und MRT wird in der Diagnostik focaler Leberläsionen eine Sensitivität und Spezifität von jeweils 80–95 % erreicht. Die Verfahren besitzen darüber hinaus den Vorteil, daß sie nichtinvasiv sind. Die diagnostische Strategie bei der Abklärung von Lebermetastasen hat neben den Stärken und Schwächen der Untersuchungsmethoden die jeweilige klinische Situation des Patienten zu beachten, sollte schnell zu konklusiven Ergebnissen kommen und nicht zuletzt Kosten-Nutzen-Gesichtspunkte berücksichtigen.
    Notes: Summary. Liver metastases are much more common than primary hepatic malignancies and may occur in up to 80 % of patients with extrahepatic malignancies. To optimize the patient's management, precise detection or exclusion of liver metastases, as well as assessment of their number and extent, is indispensable. For imaging of liver metastases, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), scintigraphy, and angiography can be utilized. All these methods have been technically improved with benefits for diagnostic utility. Biphasic contrast-enhanced spiral CT (SCT) and MRI with modern pulse sequences and tissue-specific contrast agents are superior to other imaging modalities in terms of diagnostic efficacy and reproducibility of results. With SCT and MRI sensitivities and specificities in the diagnosis of focal hepatic disease are in the range of 80–95 %. Moreover, their non-invasiveness is a strong advantage. The diagnostic strategy in the assessment of liver metastases has to take into account both the strengths and limitations of the respective method. Additionally, the clinical situation of a particular patient has to be considered, and conclusive diagnostic results have to be achieved in a short time in order to ensure a favourable cost-effectiveness relation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Xenotransplantation ; liver ; intravital microscopy ; Liver transplantation ; xenografting ; hemoperfusion ; intravital microscopy ; Intravital microscopy ; liver transplantation ; xenografting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The main targets of xenogeneic rejection mechanisms are the endothelial cells of the graft. Their activation and the consequent alteration of the organ's microcirculation lead to the destruction of the xenograft. Microhemodynamic changes occurring during this process are still poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to analyze the microcirculation during xenogeneic ex vivo hemoperfusion of rat livers and to monitor the impact of treatment strategies using intravital fluorescence microscopy. In contrast to the isogeneic control group, blood flow almost completely stopped within the first minutes of xenoperfusion. Simultaneously, perfusion pressure increased and bile production was reduced. Acetylsalicylate (Aspisol) and the platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2170 improved the microcirculation and function of the xenoperfused liver. The combination showed a synergistic effect. After apheresis of preformed xenogeneic antibodies, the parameters measured were comparable with those seen in isogeneic experiments. Complement degradation with cobra venom factor revealed a minor improvement in perfusion. A rapid, extensive, and irreversible leukocyte accumulation in terminal portal vessels was observed in all xenogeneic experiments. Blood counts of the perfusate confirmed the early trapping of leukocytes and platelets in the xenoperfused liver, indicating nonimmunological, cellular involvement in this rejection process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Xenogeneic liver hemoperfusion ; Intravital microscopy ; Fucoidin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since the main feature of hyperacute rejection is a disturbance of the xenograft's microcirculation, we analyzed microhemodynamic parameters during xenogeneic hemoperfusion of the guinea pig (GP) liver and investigated the contribution of leukocytes to the rejection process using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Isolated GP livers were hemoperfused via the portal vein in a recirculating system with a constant flow of 1 ml/min per g liver. In contrast to isogeneic perfusion with heparinized GP blood, a disturbance in the microcirculation was observed during xenogeneic perfusion using heparinized rat blood, with significantly higher values of perfusion pressure, reduced sinusoidal perfusion rates, and a larger number of stagnant leukocytes. A complete breakdown of the microcirculation, with the highest values of perfusion pressure and the smallest perfusion index, was associated with 100 % accumulated leukocytes when rat blood was anticoagulated with sodium citrate. Almost isogeneic perfusion values were obtained when fucoidin, which inhibits L-selectin-dependent cell interaction, was added to heparinized rat blood. These data indicate that leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction contributes to xenogeneic rejection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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