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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 63 (1991), S. 1789-1794 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 2097-2104 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A special stress relaxation effect in thin aluminum films evaporated onto oxidized silicon wafers is reported. The effect is observed at elevated temperature and under tensional stress. It appears as if certain Al grains in the film surface suddenly "collapse'' compared to surrounding grains. The phenomenon is observed during the cooling phase of an annealing cycle, or when imposing external strain on the film by bending of the substrate at elevated temperature. Such external strain was imposed by micromechanical technique in situ in a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the collapse phenomenon was monitored as it happened. The phenomenon occurred instantaneously and only in films of thickness 1 μm or more; thinner films relaxed by hole formation. The grain collapse effect is characterized, and a physical explanation is given, supported by SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations and surface profile measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 5840-5844 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In order to test the statistical influence of some process and micromachining parameters on the fracture strength of silicon microelements, arrays of identical microsized cantilever beams were bulk micromachined in single-crystalline silicon wafers. The beams were exposed to various surface treatments (diamond polishing with different grades, oxidization, stripping of oxide) in different combinations. The influence on fracture strength was investigated by bending the beams to fracture in a micromanipulator mounted in situ in a scanning electron microscope while registering force-versus-deflection curves. Average fracture strengths, standard deviations, Weibull moduli, crack-initiating flaw sizes, and in some cases elastic moduli were evaluated. Diamond polishing was found to decrease the fracture strength drastically, but polishing followed by oxidization not only restored the original strength, but actually increased it, due to crack healing. Polishing, oxidization, and subsequent stripping of oxide resulted in fracture strengths slightly higher than the original strength. The Weibull modulus was diminished from 10 to 6–9 by the polishing. The initiating flaw sizes were theoretically evaluated, and found to agree with previous results of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy studies of polished silicon surfaces. The elastic moduli determined were significantly lower (30%–40%) than the corresponding module of pure, single-crystalline silicon, probably due to high dopant contents in the specimens investigated here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3587-3588 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An intense supersonic beam of atomic fluorine has been generated using nozzles fabricated from single-crystal CaF2 and MgF2. The latter material has been tested up to 1000 °C with no observable damage. This is (approximately-greater-than)250 °C hotter than previously achieved, increasing the atomic beam intensity by (approximately-greater-than)5×.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A battery-operated portable synchronous luminescence spectrofluorometer was developed for on-site analysis of groundwater or hazardous waste sites. The instrument is capable of either emission, excitation, or synchronous fluorescence measurements. The instrument is suited for trace analysis of important pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, creosotes, and polychlorinated biphenyls in complex mixtures. The ability to perform synchronous luminescence measurements on these samples can reduce the complexity of fluorescence spectra and help in rapid field site characterization. A description of the instrumental components is given and an evaluation of the instrument using anthracene and several oil samples is provided to illustrate the usefulness of the instrument.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 30 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Positron emission tomographic measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were used to investigate central nervous system correlates of fear and anxiety. Volunteers with symptomatic snake phobia were studied while exposed to visual phobogenic, aversive, and neutral stimuli. Anxiety ratings and the number of nonspecific electrodermal fluctuations increased as a function of phobic stimulation. Phobic, compared to neutral and aversive, stimulation elevated rCBF in the visual associative cortex. The basal ganglia were not activated more by phobic than aversive or neutral stimulation. However, cortical and thalamic rCBF were always correlated during phobic but not aversive or neutral stimulation. This indicates that the thalamus could be a relay station for phobic stimulus processing and affect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 27 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pain resulting from photodynamic therapy (PDT) of skin cancer was investigated. The study included 69 lesions (60 patients) with different types of skin tumours or precursors. Protoporphyrin IX, which is produced by the topical application of δ-aminolevulinic acid, was used as a photosensitizing agent. Twenty-three of the lesions (19 patients) were examined with a fluorescence imaging system which demarcates the tumour area from the healthy skin and visualizes the contrast between the fluorescence from healthy skin and that from the tumour. EMLA® is used on all patients as part of our routine PDT protocol but despite this the major side-effect of PDT is pain during treatment. There is a large variation in pain intensity experienced by the patients, as measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS). Patients with actinic keratoses experienced more pain than those with Bowen's disease or basal cell carcinoma. The mean VAS score was higher when treating lesions located on the head than when treating lesions on the torso or the extremities. Also, treatment of large skin areas resulted in more pain than treatment of small areas, and men experienced more pain than women. The pain experienced by the patients did not correlate with treatment dose, Fitzpatrick skin type, age or fluorescence intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 20 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to compare dietary habits between adolescents with high or low dental caries prevalence. All 15-yr-old adolescents living in a small community in Northern Sweden were studied in 1987, 1988, and 1989. The median values for energy and nutrient intake exceeded or were close to the recommendations (SNR89) given by the Swedish National Food Administration. The fiber intake did not reach the recommended daily amount even for the 90th percentile of (he studied cohort. Nineteen percent of the adolescents had caries free teeth and 10% had nine or more decayed or filled surfaces. There was no difference in daily sucrose intake or average number of meals per day between these two groups. The group with nine or more decayed or filled surfaces had worse dietary habits, expressed as a higher fat intake, lower intake of complex carbohydrates, and lower density of iron (mg/MJ) than the group with no dental caries. Dietary counseling by dentists should be a valuable addition to other caries prophylactic measures taken by the dentists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 20 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The pelagic and gregarious, low Arctic harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) is the most common seal species in most refuse faunas from coastal hunter-gatherer sites dating from the late Atlantic to the early Subboreal period (ca. 4000-2000 cal B. C.) in the Baltic Sea. Our main objective was to examine the migration contra breeding population hypotheses regarding the Baltic harp seals. Analyses of epiphyseal fusion data and osteometry of archeological harp seal remains from 25 dwelling-sites suggest that a local breeding population established itself in the early Subboreal period. In the Middle Neolithic the rookery possibly was situated in the Baltic proper, south of Aland and west of Gotland. The mean adult size of the Baltic harp seals decreased, suggesting minimal genetic exchange with the north Atlantic Ocean population. Genetic drift, interspecific competition, and over-hunting by humans are all factors likely to have contributed to the eventual extinction of harp seals in the Baltic Sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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