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  • 2000-2004  (10)
  • 1975-1979  (10)
  • 1940-1944  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Murine auricular transepidermal water loss − a novel approach for evaluating irritant skin reaction in mice (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 26 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The standard method for evaluating contact allergy in mice is the ear swelling technique. However, in experimental irritant contact dermatitis, the epidermal barrier disruption, that represents a predominant effect of irritants, cannot be assayed by this method. An appropriate method to evaluate barrier disruption is the measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) but to date this has so far been possible only on the trunk of hairless or shaved mice. We therefore developed a new technique to measure the TEWL of mice ears (murine auricular TEWL: MATEWL). After patch testing with irritants and allergens, respectively, we found that the ear swelling method is most suitable for evaluating allergic skin reactions, whereas MATEWL is most appropriate for evaluating irritant skin reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00795.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irritant patch testing with sodium lauryl sulphate: interrelation between concentration and exposure time (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 145 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background It is well known that the degree of skin reaction to an irritant depends on its concentration and exposure time. Objectives To determine the interrelationship between the concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and exposure time in both weak (subclinical) and severe reactions. Methods Patch testing with SLS was performed at different concentrations (0·125%, 0·25%, 0·5%, 1·0% and 2·0%) and with different exposure times (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h). Evaluation was conducted by measurement of transepidermal water loss and by laser-Doppler flowmetry both 30 min and 24 h after patch removal. Results We found more reliable and constant skin reactions 24 h after patch removal, and a higher correlation between SLS concentration and skin reaction. Conclusions We conclude that the concentration of SLS influences the test outcome to a larger degree than the exposure time. We present formulae by which the outcome of SLS patch testing at various SLS concentrations ranging from 0·125% to 2% and any exposure time between 3 and 24 h can be estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04442.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of Air in Citrus Juices (1940)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 12 (1940), S. 533-534 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50149a016
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ascorbic Acid (1942)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 14 (1942), S. 846-849 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i560111a003
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Processing of Orange Juice (1941)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 33 (1941), S. 1308-1314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50382a024
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FS09.7
Standardisation of the “strip” patch test: a multicentre study (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Contact dermatitis 50 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives:  The strip patch test (SPT), proposed by Spier and Sixt (Hautarzt 1955;6:152–9), is a modification of the patch test (PT). This technique is used to enhance penetration through the stratum corneum for poorly penetrating substances such as medicaments. So far, a standardised procedure is lacking. This multicentre study aims at standardising the SPT procedure.Methods:  A total of 83 healthy volunteers participated. In each subject, we determined the number of strips (A) until the surface became glistening and then calculated the median number of strips in the sample (Ā = 26). We ascertained the median number of strips in the sample (ā = 11) that was necessary to achieve a first statistically significant and medically relevant increase of the TEWL revealing a critical stratum corneum strip depth. For the finally calculated number of strips for each subject (a/A = (ā/Ā)⇔a = A × (ā/Ā)), the actual increase in test sensitivity was substantiated employing SLS 0.125% aqueous.Standardisation results:  Perform stripping at one upper part of the back until the surface becomes glistening: gently press a 25 mm diameter adhesive tape downward vertically for about 2 seconds and then remove it in one quick movement at the angle in direction of adherence; continue stripping with a new tape cut on exactly the same skin area. Multiply number of strips by the correction factor (cf = ā/Ā = 11/26 = 0.4). Perform calculated number of strips likewise on the contralateral site and then apply there the test preparation for 24 hours.Conclusions:  If clinically an allergic contact dermatitis is expected but PT is negative, the SPT might reveal the potential allergen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0309cj.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Profile of irritant patch testing with detergents: sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate and alkyl polyglucoside (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 48 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cutaneous reaction to detergents follows distinct kinetic rules: the duration of application and the irritant concentration are of major importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in kinetics of skin reaction between the standard irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and 2 modern detergents: sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) and alkyl polyglucoside (APG). We performed patch testing with SLS and SLES (or APG) at different concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) and with different exposure times (6, 12 and 24 h). Evaluation was conducted by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LD) 24 h, 7 and 10 days after patch removal. We found a pronounced reaction to SLS, and a far milder one to SLES. Even at the highest concentration the skin reaction to APG was hard to detect. During the regeneration period (day 3–10) SLS showed even at day 10 an increased TEWL at all concentrations tested. The irritation due to SLES was convincingly detectable only up to day 7, whereas the APG-tested skin areas showed no significant reaction even at day 3. These results demonstrate the improvement in reduction of skin irritation achieved by development of novel detergents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.480105.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of body mass index on skin susceptibility to sodium lauryl sulphate (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Skin research and technology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  The influence of nutrition on the physiological functions of man is well studied. Numerous diseases can be exacerbated by obesity. However, it has not yet been determined whether body weight and body mass index (BMI), as an indicator of a high body fat store, can influence skin sensitivity.Objective:  This study investigates the correlation between body mass index and the epidermal functions, evaluated by bioengineering methods, before and after an irritant patch test with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS).Methods:  Epidermal functions were evaluated using an evaporimeter, chromameter and laser-Doppler-flowmeter. Patch testing was conducted for 48 h with two different concentrations of SLS (0.25% and 0.5%) on the forearms of healthy volunteers. Measurements were performed 24 h after patch removal.Results:  Obese individuals showed significantly increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin blood flow and skin colour (red) as compared to a control group. However, the degree of skin sensitivity to SLS was not correlated with BMI.Conclusion:  Basal biophysical parameters of the skin are primarily correlated with the BMI. This may be caused by obesity-induced physiological changes, e.g. increased sweat gland activity, high blood pressure and physiological temperature-regulating system. The epidermal barrier function, as evaluated after SLS patch testing is, however, not correlated with a high BMI, indicating a normal skin barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0909-752x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences of skin irritation between Japanese 
and European women (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 146 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  After using cosmetics, Japanese women frequently complain about sensitive, stinging skin. We wondered whether Japanese women's skin is more sensitive than that of Caucasians.Objectives  To examine possible racial differences of skin irritation and subjective sensations.Methods  We performed patch testing on the forearm with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) at different concentrations (0·25%, 0·5%) and 24-h exposure time. Skin reaction was evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, sebum secretion, laser Doppler flowmetry (LD), content of melanin and erythema. During a stinging test with 10% lactic acid (applied to one side of the cheeks) the subjects were asked to describe the present intensity of any sensation. We used a Chromameter to measure skin colour before and after application of lactic acid. This study was performed in Marburg, Germany, with healthy Japanese and German women living in Marburg.Results  After SLS testing, we found no significant differences of the barrier function in the stratum corneum, but we found significant subjective sensory differences between Japanese and German women.Conclusions  Japanese women may complain about stronger sensations reflecting a different cultural behaviour rather than measurable differences in skin physiology; however, a faster penetration of SLS in Japanese cannot be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04509.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratum corneum adhesive tape stripping: influence of anatomical site, application pressure, duration and removal (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 151 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Tape stripping is a common method for investigating stratum corneum (SC) physiology as well as bioavailability and bioequivalence of topical drugs.Objectives  To investigate the influence of procedures (anatomical site, pressure, pressure duration, tape removal rate) inherent in each stripping protocol on changes in skin physiology.Methods  Tape stripping was performed using tapes on the forearm, forehead and back. On the forearm different pressures (165 and 330 g cm−2), durations of pressure (2 and 10 s), and removal rate (slow and rapid removal) were used. Changes in skin physiology were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration.Results  A significant influence of all parameters on the TEWL increase as a function of tape strip number was observed. The fastest increase was demonstrated on the forehead, followed by the back and, lastly, the forearm. Rapid removal produced a protracted increase in comparison with slow removal. Pressure for 10 s induced a faster increase in TEWL than 2 s pressure. Likewise, pressure at 330 g cm−2 induced an earlier increase than pressure at 165 g cm−2. Skin hydration was not influenced by the variables tested.Conclusions  Tape stripping results are influenced dramatically by all investigated parameters. A dynamic SC stress test to investigate SC cohesion more closely is proposed based on the present observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06084.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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