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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The food dye Brilliant Blue FCF (Color Index 42090) is often used as dye tracer in field studies for visualizing the flow pathways of water in soils. Batch studies confirmed findings of other researchers that non-linear sorption is important for Brilliant Blue, especially at small concentrations (〈 10 g l−1 for our soil), and that retardation increases with decreasing concentrations as well as with increasing ionic strength of solutions. Therefore, it is not obvious if it can be used as an indicator for water flow paths as is often done. In this study, we compared the mobility of Brilliant Blue in a field soil (gleyic Luvisol) with that of bromide. Brilliant Blue and potassium bromide were simultaneously applied as a 6-mm pulse on a small plot in the field, and the tracers were displaced with 89 mm of tracer-free water using a constant intensity of 3.9 ± 0.2 mm hour−1. Both tracer concentrations were determined on 144 soil cores taken from a 1 m × 1 m vertical soil profile. The transport behaviour differed in both (i) mean displacement and (ii) spatial concentration pattern. We found the retardation of Brilliant Blue could not be neglected and, in contrast to the bromide pattern, a pulse splitting was observed at the plough pan. Numerical simulations with a particle tracking code revealed that the one-dimensional concentration profile of bromide was represented fairly well by the model, but the prediction of the double peak in the Brilliant Blue concentration profile failed. With additional assumptions, there were indications that Brilliant Blue does not follow the same flow paths as bromide. However, the question of Brilliant Blue taking the same flow pathways as bromide cannot be adequately answered by comparing both concentration distributions, because we look at two different transport distances due to the retardation of Brilliant Blue. It became obvious, however, that Brilliant Blue is not a suitable compound for tracing the travel time of water itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The inability to predict flow and transport behaviour based on a priori information demonstrates the lack of knowledge we currently have concerning transport-relevant properties or processes, or both. We present an approach in which the behaviour of effective solute transport at the scale of a soil column (100 mm) is predicted by taking into account the spatial structure of the hydraulic properties at the local scale (1 mm). The local absorption coefficients obtained from X-ray tomography, which are linearly related to bulk density, are used as local proxy for hydraulic properties. As a first approximation, two density classes were distinguished, and the three-dimensional structure of the hydraulic properties was implemented in a model of flow and transport. The local hydraulic properties were obtained from a network model, except for the absolute value of the hydraulic conductivity function which was measured. Model simulations were compared with a measured breakthrough curve determined on the same soil sample. The two agreed well, although the local hydraulic properties and parameter structure were determined independently with respect to a breakthrough experiment. Predictions of solute transport at the column scale were sensitive to the difference in saturated hydraulic conductivities of both materials, but not to the local dispersivities. The simulations demonstrate that (i) assuming validity of the Richards equation and the convection–dispersion equation on the local scale leads to a good description of the effective flow and transport behaviour at the column scale without making any assumptions about the governing processes at that scale; (ii) the dispersion parameters, which are notoriously difficult to determine, need not be determined since their effect is included explicitly; and (iii) local absorption coefficients can be used as a local proxy for the parameter field of the hydraulic properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Network models are idealized geometrical representations of porous media. They allow the simulation of effective hydraulic properties and of solute transport for well-defined porous structures. In this paper, the relation between pore structure and effective properties is studied using a network model which can be adjusted to predefined pore-size distributions and pore topologies. I show that pore topology can be adjusted such that quite different pore-size distributions lead to essentially identical water retention curves. This puts into question the common interpretation of the retention curve as being indicative of the pore-size distribution. However, I also found that both the hydraulic conductivity and the dispersion of a solute depend on the water retention curve and not on the particular combination of pore-size distribution and topology which make it up. This corroborates the widely used approach of inferring relative permeabilities from water retention data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The quantification of the spatial heterogeneity of soil structure is one of the main difficulties to overcome for an adequate understanding of soil processes. There are different competing concepts for the type of heterogeneity, including macroscopic homogeneity, discrete hierarchy or fractal. With respect to these different concepts we investigate the structure of the pore space in one single sample (4 × 103 mm3) by analysing basic geometric quantities of the pores 〉 0.3 mm within gradually increasing subsamples. To demonstrate the relation between geometrical and functional properties we simulate gas diffusion within the three-dimensional pore space of the different subsamples. An efficient tool to determine the geometric quantities is presented. As a result, no representative elementary volume (REV) is found in terms of pore-volume density which increases with sample size. The same is true for the simulated gas diffusion coefficient. This effect is explained by two different types of pores, i.e. big root channels and smaller pores, having different levels of organization. We discuss the different concepts of structural organization which may be appropriate models for the structure investigated. We argue that the discrete hierarchical approach is the most profitable in practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We report a woman with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) in whom there was prolonged sepsis and death at age 22 years. Autopsy revealed multiple epidermolytic skin lesions with chronic ulceration, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis and multifocal necrotizing leucoencephalopathy (MNL) of the pons. The latter two conditions may have been mediated by sepsis-associated cytokines. Although mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis has previously been described in association with RDEB, to our knowledge this is the first report of MNL in a patient with RDEB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 297 (1977), S. S69 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Berlin : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie. 23:2 (1975) 333 
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  • 8
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Berlin : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie. 25:6 (1977) 732 
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 262 (1978), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Repeated UV-irradiation ; Skin ; Hairless mouse ; Mechanical properties ; Collagen ; Elastin ; Wiederholte UV-Bestrahlung ; Haut ; Haarlose Maus ; Mechanische Eigenschaften ; Collagen ; Elastin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An der Haut von haarlosen Mäusen wurde die Wirkung von wiederholter UV-Bestrahlung auf mechanische und biochemische Parameter untersucht. Eine tägliche UV-A-Bestrahlung über 1 h während 8 Wochen verursachte nur eine leichte Zunahme der Hautdicke und eine Abnahme der Dehnung beim Abriß. Nach UV-B- bzw. UV-C-Bestrahlung waren die Veränderungen jedoch sehr viel drastischer. In diesen Untersuchungsreihen wurden die Mäuse mit einer UV-Lampe im Abstand von 17 cm bestrahlt, so daß die Bestrahlungsintensität 20 mW/cm2 UV-B und-A und 14 mW/cm2 UV-C betrug. Über 1–6 Wochen wurden verschiedene Tiergruppen täglich 15–90 s exponiert. Die Reißkraft, die Reißfestigkeit und der Elastizitätsmodul zeigten nach mittleren Strahlendosen nach 1–2 Wochen eine Zunahme, jedoch nach hohen Strahlendosen und langdauernder Behandlung eine Abnahme. Die Dehnung beim Abriß war der empfindlichste Parameter insofern, als er in Abhängigkeit von Expositionszeit und Behandlungsdauer abnahm. Der Gehalt an unlöslichem Kollagen und Gesamtkollagen war nach langdauernder Behandlung vermindert und demnach mit den mechanischen Parametern korreliert. Der Elastin-Gehalt wurde nur gering beeinflußt und war somit mit den mechanischen Meßwerten nicht korreliert. In diesen Experimenten konnte ein günstiger Effekt einer kurzdauernden Behandlung mit niedrigen UV-Bestrahlungsdosen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Haut gezeigt werden. Eine langdauernde Behandlung mit hohen Dosen von UV-B bewirkte jedoch ungünstige Effekte, wobei hauptsächlich die Dehnung beim Abriß, aber auch die Reißfestigkeit und der Elastizitätsmodul vermindert waren.
    Notes: Summary The effect of repeated UV-irradiation on mechanical and biochemical parameters was studied in skin of hairless mice. UV-A irradiation for a period of 1 h daily over 8 weeks caused only a slight increase in skin thickness and a decrease in ultimate strain. The changes induced by UV-B and C, however, were quite remarkable. Skin thickness was increased depending on the daily dose exposure time (15–90 s at an irradiation rate of 20 mW/cm2 UV-B and A and of 14 mW/cm2 UV-C) and the duration of treatment (1–6 weeks). Ultimated load, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity showed an increase following medium dosages after 1 and 2 weeks, however, a decrease after high dosages and longterm treatment. Ultimate strain was found to be the most sensitive parameter being decreased depending on exposure time and duration of treatment. Insoluble collagen and total collagen were decreased after long-term treatment thus being correlated with the mechanical parameters. The elastin content was only barely influenced and not correlated with the mechanical data, e.g. the modulus of elasticity. Thus, a favourable effect of short-term treatment with low doses of UV-irradiation of mechanical parameters of skin could be demonstrated. Long-term treatment with relatively high doses of UV-B, however, resulted in unfavourable effects, whereby first ultimate strain, then ultimate load, modulus of elasticity and tensile strength were decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 258 (1977), S. 141-150 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde das Kraftdehnungsverhalten von Hautstreifen an Ratten verschiedenen Alters sowie nach Behandlung mit Prednisolon oderD-Penicillamin analysiert. Dabei wurde insbesondere dem Anfangsteil der Kraftdehnungskurven Beachtung geschenkt. Bei etwa 30% Dehnung verliefen die Kurven nicht stetig, sondern es wurde eine Art “Stufe” oder “Buckel” beobachtet. Beim Vergleich von Ratten verschiedenen Alters zeigte sich, daß dieses Phänomen hauptsächlich im Alter von 2 Monaten zu beobachten war. Auch bei Ratten, die mit Prednisolon behandelt waren, zeigte sich diese Erscheinung stärker als bei den Kontrollen. Wenn Durchschnittswerte der Kraftdehnungskurven von Rattenhaut für die einzelnen Gruppen gebildet und diese Werte normalisiert wurden, dann zeigten sich Unterschiede im Kurvenverlauf, die am ausgeprägtesten bei 2 Monate alten oder bei Prednisolon-behandelten Ratten waren. Das Maximum der Abweichung von einer geraden Linie, wie sie nach dem Hookschen Gesetz auftreten müßte, wurde bei einer relativen Dehnung von 70% gefunden. Man kann daraus schließen, daß der Reifungsprozeß und die Corticosteroid-Behandlung hauptsächlich den oberen Teil der Kraftdehnungskurve beeinflussen. Zur weiteren Analyse der Kraftdehnungskurven wurden 3 aufeinanderfolgende Tangenten an die Kraftdehnungskurven angelegt und daraus 3 verschiedene Elastizitätsmoduln errechnet. Der erste und der zweite Elastizitätsmodul, die dem Anfangsteil der Kraftdehnungskurve zuzuordnen sind, zeigten ein Minimum im Alter von 2 Monaten, während der dritte Elastizitätsmodul, der dem Endteil der Kraftdehnungskurve zuzuordnen ist, während der Reifung bis zu einem Maximum im Alter von 12 Monaten anstieg und dann wieder abfiel, ähnlich wie es auch für die Reißfestigkeit zu beobachten war. Durch Prednisolon-Behandlung wurden alle 3 Elastizitätsmoduln erhöht, ähnlich wie es auch für die Reißfestigkeit der Fall ist, währendD-Penicillamin einen Abfall all dieser Parameter bewirkte. Weiterhin wurde für die verschiedenen Gruppen der “Fuß” der Kraftdehnungskurve ausgewertet, d. h. diejenige Dehnung gemessen, die bis zum ersten Anstieg der Spannung notwendig ist. Dieser Wert war am höchsten bei jungen Tieren und am niedrigsten im Alter von 12 Monaten. Die Gesamtdehnung zeigte andererseits ein Maximum im Alter von 4 Monaten. Diese beiden letztgenannten Parameter wurden durch Prednisolon oderD-Penicillamin nicht beeinflußt. Man kann aus den oben genannten Befunden schließen, daß sowohl Reifung und Alterung als auch die Behandlung mit desmotropen Substanzen im Anfangsteil der Kraftdehnungskurve der Haut von Ratten andere Veränderungen hervorrufen, als sie bisher für den Endteil der Kraftdehnungskurve und für die Reißfestigkeit gefunden wurden.
    Notes: Summary Stress-strain behaviour of skin strips in rats at different ages or after treatment with prednisolone or D-penicillamine has been analyzed. Special attention has been paid to the lower part of the stress-strain curves. A “hump” at an extension degree of 30% of original length was noted. When rats of different ages were compared this phenomenon was observed predominantly at an age of 2 months. Furthermore, this hump was remarkable in rats treated with prednisolone. When the stress-strain curves of rats at different ages or after treatment were averaged and normalized, the most pronounced deviations were found at an age of 2 months or after prednisolone treatment. The maximum of deviation from Hooke's law occurred at a relative extension degree of 70%. Thus, the maturation process and the influence of corticosteroid affected mostly the second part of the stress-strain curve. In order to evaluate further the stress-strain curves 3 consecutive tangents of the stress-strain curves indicating modules of elasticity were evaluated. The first and second modules of elasticity showed a minimum at an age of 2 months, whereas the ultimate elasticity modules increased with maturation up to a maximum at 12 months followed by a decrease similar to that observed in tensile strength at an age of 24 months.
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