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  • 2000-2004  (2)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1860-1869
  • Key words: Bone density — Childhood — Growth — Genetics — Body size.  (1)
  • Key words Community structure  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birth Weight, Birth Length, and Bone Density in Prepubertal Children: Evidence for an Association That May Be Mediated by Genetic Factors (2000)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 67 (2000), S. 304-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Bone density — Childhood — Growth — Genetics — Body size.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. There is an incomplete understanding of the contribution of early growth to bone accrual in childhood. The aims of this longitudinal study were to examine the association between growth variables at birth, 1 month, and 8 years and bone density in prepubertal children. Weight and length at both birth and 1 month of age were measured in 1988 as part of a prospective study for sudden infant death syndrome. A total of 330 children (47%) and 278 of their mothers were then contacted in 1996 for measurement of anthropometrics and bone density. Birth weight, birth length, and length gain (but not weight gain) in the first month all made significant contributions to areal bone density (BMD, g/cm2) at all sites at age 8 even after taking into account subsequent weight and height gain (model R2 14–39% depending on variable and site). Adjustment for potential environmental confounders did not alter these findings, however, adjustment for maternal BMD markedly reduced the early life associations (particularly for birth weight). Though early life factors were weakly associated with bone mineral apparent density (BMAD, g/cm3) in correlation analysis, subsequent height and weight gain were the only significant independent contributors to BMAD. In conclusion, early life anthropometrics make little contribution to BMAD (other than through their correlation with later growth) but make significant independent contributions to BMD suggesting that the growth trajectory of bone is determined very early in life. In addition, the contribution of body size at birth to bone growth in early life appears to be mediated by genetic factors although it is possible that it may be mediated by poorly measured or as yet unidentified determinants of body size at birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002230001148
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource partitioning in rhinolophoid bats revisited (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 124 (2000), S. 332-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Community structure ; Rhinolophus ; Hipposideros ; Echolocation ; Wing morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We assessed the ecomorphological structure of a guild of rhinolophoid bats in a Malaysian rainforest first described by Heller and von Helversen (1989). These authors found that the distribution of echolocation call frequencies used by 12 syntopic species was more even than expected from allometric relationships or in randomly generated communities, and that the observed minimal ratio was greater than expected by chance alone. In this study we were able to expand their guild to 15 species, but in doing so it became apparent that call frequencies might be less evenly distributed across the total frequency range than previously proposed. We replicated Heller and von Helversen’s (1989) analyses with the full 15-species complement but were unable to support their suggestion that rhinolophoid bats exhibit resource partitioning through differences in frequency bands. We adopted a multivariate approach and incorporated measures of body size and wing morphology into the analysis. We used phylogenetic autocorrelation to ensure that the species were statistically independentand principal component analysis to describe the morphological space occupied by the 15 species in the community and four additional species representing the extremes of phenotypic variation. We derived interspecific Euclidean distances and tested the mean values and SDs of these distances against those of 100 guilds of ”synthetic” species created randomly within the principal component space. The guild of Rhinolophoidea was not distributed randomly in multivariate space. Instead we found evidence of morphological overdispersion of the most similar species, which suggests niche differentiation in response to competition. Less similar species were nearer in morphological space than expected, and we suggest this is a consequence of ecological constraints on parameter combinations. Despite this underdispersion, many of the more distant neighbours were evenly rather than randomly spaced or clumped in morphospace, suggesting that, given the environmental constraints on morphology, species in this guild do experience limits to their similarity. Finally, we tested the influence of the relative abundance of species on morphological displacement, and found no evidence that abundant, spatially correlated species reduce interspecific overlap in morphological space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008866
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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