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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 176 (1960), S. 482-488 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 176 (1960), S. 793-797 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 178 (1961), S. 330-334 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 89 (2000), S. 575-586 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Venöse ; Thromboembolie ; angeborene Thrombophilie ; Protein C ; Protein S ; Antithrombin III ; Faktor V-Leiden ; Prothrombin 20210A ; Key words Venous ; thromboembolism ; inherited thrombophilia ; protein C ; protein S ; antithrombin III ; factor V-Leiden ; prothrombin 20210A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Venous Thromboembolism develops as the result of multiple interactions between non-genetic and genetic risk factors. The most important non-genetic risk factors are age, tissue damage, oral contraception, pregnancy, obesity and lack of physical activity. Inborn factors predisposing to thrombosis are present in the majority of patients. These comprise defects affecting the anticoagulant pathways of blood coagulation like antithrombin III, protein C and protein S. Together these defects are found in 15–20% of thrombophilia families. The relatively rare defects of antithrombinIII, protein C and protein S stand in contrast to two common genetic polymorphisms of procoagulant molecules, factor V-Leiden, the most frequent cause for resistance to activated protein C, and the prothrombin 20210 A allele. Together, these anomalies are found in almost two third of the thrombophilia families. The identification of factor FV-Leiden and prothrombin 20210 A has allowed to examine in detail interactions between genetic and non-genetic risk factors of thromboembolism. The results of these studies indicate that many symptomatic individuals are endowed with more than one (genetic and/or environmental) risk factor. Thrombophilia thus represents an oligogenetic rather than monogenetic clinical phenotype, the expression of which is amplified by circumstantial risk factors. As a consequence of the „multiple hit” concept, the laboratory screening of thrombosis patients needs to include all of the known genetic risk factors even if the „clinical” situation seemingly provides sufficient „explanation” for a thrombotic event.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Venöse Thromboembolien entwickeln sich als Folge multipler Interaktionen zwischen nicht-genetischen und genetischen Risikofaktoren. Die wichtigsten nicht-genetischen Risikofaktoren sind Alter, Gewebeschädigungen, Einnahme oraler Kontrazeptiva, Schwangerschaft, Adipositas und geringe körperliche Aktivität. Bei den meisten Patienten findet man auch angeborene Faktoren, die die Thromboseentstehung begünstigen. Diese Faktoren schließen Mangelzustände von Komponenten des antikoagulatorischen Systems wie des Antithrombin III, des Protein C und des Protein S ein. Zusammengenommen findet man diese Defekte bei 15–20% der Familien mit Thrombophilie. Den relativ seltenen Defekten des Antithrombin III, Protein C und Protein S stehen zwei häufige genetische Polymorphismen prokoagulatorischer Faktoren gegenüber, nämlich der Faktor V-Leiden, die häufigste Ursache einer Resistenz gegen Protein C und das Prothrombin 20210A-Allel. Zusammen findet man die beiden letzteren Anomalien bei fast zwei Dritteln aller Thrombophiliefamilien. Mit der Identifizierung des Faktor V-Leiden und des Prothrombin 20210A-Allels wurde es möglich, Interaktionen zwischen genetischen und nicht-genetischen Risikofaktoren der Thrombophilie eingehend zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse solcher Untersuchungen zeigen, dass viele symptomatische Personen mehr als nur einen (genetischen oder nicht-genetischen) Risikofaktor aufweisen. Die Thrombophilie ist damit weniger ein monogenetischer als eine oligogenetischer klinischer Phänotyp, dessen Ausprägung durch Umweltfaktoren akzentuiert werden kann. Konsequenz des „multiple hit”-Konzepts ist es, dass das screening von Patienten mit Thromboembolie im medizinischen Laboratorium alle bekannten genetischen Risikofaktoren einschließen sollte, auch wenn die klinische Situation scheinbar eine ausreichende Erklärung für ein thromboembolisches Ereignis liefert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 37 (2000), S. S001 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Venous thromboembolism – inherited thrombophilia – protein C, protein S, antithrombin III factor FV-Leiden – Prothrombin 20210A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary  Venous thromboembolism is a common acute cardiovascular disease. Thrombotic events develop as the result of multiple interactions between circumstantial and inborn risk factors shifting the delicate balance between pro- and anticoagulant processes towards coagulation. The most important circumstantial risk factors are age, tissue damage, oral contraception, pregnancy, obesity, and sedentary life style. Inborn factors predisposing to thrombosis are present in the majority of patients. These include three groups of defects affecting components of the anticoagulant pathways of blood coagulation, namely antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S. Together these defects are found in 15–20% of families with thrombophilia. They are extremely heterogeneous at the molecular level which largely precludes their diagnosis by current molecular biology techniques. The relatively rare defects of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S can be distinguished from two common genetic polymorphisms of procoagulant molecules, factor V-Leiden, the most frequent cause of resistance to activated protein C, and the prothrombin 20210 A allele. Together, these anomalies are detected in almost two thirds of the thrombophilia families. The identification of factor FV-Leiden and prothrombin 20210 A has afforded the scrutinization of interactions between multiple components of genomic matrix and circumstantial factors. These studies indicate that many symptomatic individuals are endowed with more than one genetic and/or environmental risk factor. Thrombophilia thus represents an oligogenetic rather than a monogenetic phenotype, the expression of which is amplified by circumstantial risk factors. As a consequence of the “multiple hit” concept, the laboratory screening of thrombosis patients needs to include all of the known genetic risk factors even if the “clinical” situation seemingly provides sufficient “explanation” for a thrombotic event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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