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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 5533-5542 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this work, we have investigated the Schottky barrier heights on n- and p-type Si1−x−yGexCy alloys with Zr, Ti, W, Ni and Pt as metals (ΦBn and ΦBp, respectively). Contacts on Si1−xGex alloys showed various behaviors depending on the metal work function Φm. For low-Φm metals (Zr, Ti), ΦBn increases with x, while ΦBp(x) decreases. For higher Φm metals (Pt), ΦBn strongly decreases with x. In the particular case of W (intermediate Φm value), ΦBp follows exactly the decrease of the SiGe band gap with x, while ΦBn remains constant. Nevertheless, whatever the metal, the reduction of the sum ΦBn+ΦBp gives the band-gap variation as a function of x, and the Fermi level is located at the same position for both n and p-type layers. A weaker effect of Φm on the Schottky barrier heights is observed compared to pure Si: the position of the Fermi level tends to remain in the range 0.60–0.65 eV below the conduction band, as soon as Ge is adding in Si. W contacts on Si1−x−yGexCy alloys evidenced the strong effect of C on ΦBn and ΦBp. The variations of ΦBn(y) or ΦBp(y) cannot be correlated to the band gap. In addition, the position of the Fermi level at the interface depends on the type of the alloy. Nevertheless, as in the case of the binary alloy SiGe, a weaker dependence on Φm compared to that observed for pure Si is shown. High values of the ideality factor with increasing the C content may evidence the presence of interfacial inhomogeneities, which could be correlated to C short range order. The present results have been compared to existing published results. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 1418-1423 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Silicides are often used in Si technology for both their ohmic and rectifying properties. In this work, we have compared Zr and Ti germanosilicides as possible metallic contacts on SiGeC alloys in terms of phase formation and stability of the unreacted SiGeC alloy. The germanosilicides are obtained after rapid thermal annealings of Zr or Ti with strained SiGeC layers. The interactions of the metal films with these alloys have been investigated by sheet resistance measurements, x-ray diffraction (XRD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy in situ in the TEM. Four crystal x-ray diffraction was performed to measure the residual strain of the unreacted SiGeC epilayer after reaction. The analyses indicate that the final compounds are the C49–Zr(SiGe)2 and C54–Ti(SiGe)2 phases, respectively: In both cases, the compound is formed by monocrystalline grains with various orientations. Nevertheless, neither XRD, nor sheet resistance measurements give any clear information about the C incorporation in the phase, when the reaction occurs with a SiGeC layer. We have observed that the use of Zr completely avoids Ge segregation with an uniform layer formed, while in the case of the reaction with Ti, the grains do not form a continuous layer and Ge-segregation is evidenced: A Ge-rich Si1−z−yGez(Cy) alloy is detected in between the metallic grains. In addition, an early strain relaxation of the unreacted SiGe layer is observed after reaction, and it is much more important after reaction with Ti. During the reaction with nearly compensated SiGeC layers, Zr totally prevents the initial state of strain, while Ti strongly affects the unreacted SiGeC alloy and destroys its initial state. All these results indicate that Zr may be an interesting candidate for realizing germanosilicide contacts on IV–IV alloys, due to its good thermal stability. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 69 (1947), S. 2239-2240 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 25 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin-cleansing compositions based on alkyl carboxylates (soaps) have a higher irritation potential than those based on syndet surfactants such as alkyl isethionates or alkyl ether sulphates. Contributing factors include inherent differences in the irritation potential of soaps and syndet surfactants, pH-induced changes in surfactant solution chemistry, and the direct effects of pH on the physical properties of the stratum corneum (SC). Past work has not directly addressed the effect of solution pH on the SC itself and its potential role in cleanser-induced skin irritation. In the current work, alterations to SC properties induced by buffered pH solutions and two strongly ionizable surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium lauryl ether sulphate, at different pH values are measured. By utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy we have directly measured physical changes in SC proteins and lipids. Our results indicate that SC swelling, which reflects alterations to SC structural proteins, is increased significantly at pH 10, compared to pH 4 and 6.5. The transition temperature (Tm) of SC lipids is found to increase at pH 10, compared to pH 4 and 6.5, suggesting a more rigid SC lipid matrix. Surfactants cause a further increase in swelling and lipid rigidity. Some aspects of what these results mean for SC physical properties as well as their implications to potential mechanisms of surfactant-induced skin irritation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Key words Chronic heart failure – lung function – respiratory muscles – exercise – outcome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The extent and time-course of changes in lung volumes, ventilatory efficiency at rest and during exercise, and respiratory muscle function and their influence on exercise limitation in congestive heart failure (CHF) are unclear. It is unknown whether respiratory muscle function may predict changes in exercise limitation or may be impaired in patients with poor outcome. 145 male patients (54±1 years) suffering from CHF (NYHA class I–III, mean 2.3±0.1), with a LVEF of 23±1 %, and a mean peak O2 uptake (VO2peak) 15.0±:0.5 mL×min−1×kg−1, were studied. They were grouped in Weber functional classes A to D according to their VO2peak. Significant increases in ventilatory equivalents for O2 and CO2 (VE/VCO2peak) and in dead space ventilation at rest and during exercise were found with increasing exercise limitation. Moreover, there was a correlation of static and dynamic lung volumes (inspiratory vital capacity, IVC, r = 0.43, P 〈 0.01), as well as of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP; r = 0.46, P 〈 0.01) with VO2peak. Patients who died (n = 26) or were heart transplanted (n = 20) during a follow-up (mean 800 ± 10 days) had a reduced MIP (6.4 ± 0.4 kPa) as compared with survivors (n = 82; 9.3±0.7 kPa, P 〈 0.01). In a subgroup of 33 patients re-evaluated after six months, individual changes in IVC and VE/VCO2peak, but not in MIP, correlated to changes in VO2peak (r = 0.69 and r = 0.72 respectively; P 〈 0.01). In CHF, exercise limitation is associated with reversible lung restriction and inefficient ventilation at rest and during exercise. Patientss with severe CHF have a significant reduction in MIP, a finding that is associated with poor outcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following intravenous injection of pyruvic acid (PA) in the form of the sodium salt in the normal rabbit the level of PA in the blood rises, falling again to the initial level after 60 minutes. In the case of the alloxandiabetic animal the elimination of PA administered in equal doses is markedly retarded. If animals are used that suffer from a progredient alloxan diabetes leading to death in coma, an increased endogenous hyperpyruviæmia can be demonstrated. Insulin plays no part in the regulation of PA metabolism; through the application of aneurin, however, one succeeds in enabling the organism to make use of PA. A separate report will deal with the complex relations holding in endogenous hyperpyruviæmia in coma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 195-196 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the end-stage of progressive alloxan diabetes of the rabbit we have been able to overcome the acute pyruvic acidosis by the use of phosphorylated vitamin B1 (cocarboxylase) together with vitamin B2, while it is impossible to cure the endogen hyperpyruviæmia with simple vitamin B1. The superiority of the coferment over the vitamin, which is only effective at the beginning of the decompensation, implies the existence of a disturbance in the phosphorylation during the crisis of diabetic metabolism. We have been successful in preventing the inevitable death in coma of diabetic rabbits by doses of cocarboxylase + riboflavin, and we were able to keep them alive by continuous doses of insulin together with vitamin B1 and B2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 208 (1949), S. 74-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Valproattherapie ; Langzeitbeobachtung ; Laborparameter ; Therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring ; Valproatmetaboliten ; Keywords Valproate treatment ; Long-term observation ; Laboratory parameters ; Therapeutic drug-monitoring ; Valproate metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background. The scope of laboratory diagnostic measures necessary in the case of children receiving anti-epileptic valproate treatment has been controversially discussed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible interconnections between valproate treatment, changes to the clinico-chemical parameters as well as the blood level of valproic acid and valproate metabolites in children. Methods and Patients. 69 children and adolescents (ages: 6 months to 16 years) were treated regularly with valproic acid (mono- or polytherapy). Valproic acid and valproate metabolites were determined in serum using capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results. No clinically relevant interconnections between the forms of therapy (mono- or polytherapy), the valproic acid dosage, the measured valproic acid and metabolite blood levels, on the one hand, and the clinico-chemical parameters, on the other, could be determined. Significant correlations only occurred between alanine-amino-transferase and valproic acid as well as some metabolites (3-keto, 4-keto and (E)-3-en-valproate).Hepatotoxic side-effects were not seen even in these children. Conclusions. It can be concluded from our results that determination of clinico-chemical and haematological parameters is only indicated with the corresponding clinical symptoms even in the case of children over 3 years (just as in adults). This reduces the burden on these children. Further investigations into extended therapeutic drug-monitoring should be considered for children under three years which also includes some valproate metabolites.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund. Der notwendige Umfang labordiagnostischer Maßnahmen bei Kindern unter einer antiepileptischen Valproattherapie wurde kontrovers diskutiert. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Evaluation möglicher Zusammenhänge von Valproattherapie, Veränderungen klinisch-chemischer Parameter sowie den Blutspiegeln von Valproat und Valproatmetaboliten bei Kindern. Methode und Patienten. 69 Kinder und Jugendliche (Alter: 6 Monate bis 16 Jahre) wurden regulär mit Valproinsäure (Mono- oder Polytherapie) behandelt. Valproinsäure und Valproatmetaboliten wurden mittels Kapillar-Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie im Serum bestimmt. Ergebnisse. Zwischen den Therapieformen (Mono-/Polytherapie), der Valproinsäuredosierung, den gemessenen Valproinsäure- und Metabolitenblutspiegeln einerseits und den klinisch-chemischen Parametern andererseits konnten keine klinisch relevanten Zusammenhänge erkannt werden. Signifikante Korrelationen traten lediglich zwischen Alaninaminotransferase und Valproinsäure sowie einigen Metaboliten [3-Keto-, 4-Keto- und (E)-3-en-Valproat] auf. Hepatotoxische Nebenwirkungen waren aber auch bei diesen Kindern nicht erkennbar. Schlussfolgerungen. Aus unseren Ergebnissen resultiert, dass auch bei Kindern 〉 3 Jahre (wie schon bei den Erwachsenen) die Bestimmung klinisch-chemischer und hämatologischer Parameter erst bei entsprechender klinischer Symptomatik indiziert ist. Dadurch werden diese Kinder entlastet. Bei Kindern 〈3 Jahre sollte nach weiteren Untersuchungen ggf. über ein erweitertes therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring nachgedacht werden, das auch einige Valproatmetaboliten erfasst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
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    Unknown
    Pittsburgh, Pa., etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Classical World. 4 (1910:Oct.-1911:May) 138-141 
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