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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for voltage drops at misaligned wafer-bonded interfaces of AlGaInP light-emitting diodes by electrostatic force microscopy (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 4791-4795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) with phase detection has been applied to cleaved cross sections of wafer-bonded transparent substrate (TS) AlGaInP light-emitting diode (LED) structures. EFM was performed with the LED under active bias to image the voltage drops across the device layers. Measurements on a nonwafer-bonded, absorbing substrate (AS) AlGaInP LED wafer, showed a voltage drop only at the p–n junction. A TS wafer with high forward voltage (Vf ) showed a much larger voltage drop at the wafer-bonded interface, compared with a normal TS LED wafer. Secondary ion mass spectrometry profiles of these wafers revealed ∼1×1013 cm−2 of carbon at the bonded interface in the high Vf sample, compared to ∼3×1012 cm−2 in the normal wafer. The unwanted voltage drop at the bonded interface was likely caused by a combination of carbon acting as a p-type dopant and the presence of interface states due to a ∼3° in-plane rotational misalignment at wafer bonding. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1406549
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fault Tree Analysis for Exposure to Refrigerants Used for Automotive Air Conditioning in the United States (2001)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Risk analysis 21 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A fault tree analysis was used to estimate the number of refrigerant exposures of automotive service technicians and vehicle occupants in the United States. Exposures of service technicians can occur when service equipment or automotive air-conditioning systems leak during servicing. The number of refrigerant exposures of service technicians was estimated to be 135,000 per year. Exposures of vehicle occupants can occur when refrigerant enters passenger compartments due to sudden leaks in air-conditioning systems, leaks following servicing, or leaks caused by collisions. The total number of exposures of vehicle occupants was estimated to be 3,600 per year. The largest number of exposures of vehicle occupants was estimated for leaks caused by collisions, and the second largest number of exposures was estimated for leaks following servicing. Estimates used in the fault tree analysis were based on a survey of automotive air-conditioning service shops, the best available data from the literature, and the engineering judgement of the authors and expert reviewers from the Society of Automotive Engineers Interior Climate Control Standards Committee. Exposure concentrations and durations were estimated and compared with toxicity data for refrigerants currently used in automotive air conditioners. Uncertainty was high for the estimated numbers of exposures, exposure concentrations, and exposure durations. Uncertainty could be reduced in the future by conducting more extensive surveys, measurements of refrigerant concentrations, and exposure monitoring. Nevertheless, the analysis indicated that the risk of exposure of service technicians and vehicle occupants is significant, and it is recommended that no refrigerant that is substantially more toxic than currently available substitutes be accepted for use in vehicle air-conditioning systems, absent a means of mitigating exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.211098
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Risk Assessment for Occupational Acrylonitrile Exposure Using Epidemiology Data (2004)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 24 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The extensive data from the Blair et al.(1) epidemiology study of occupational acrylonitrile exposure among 25,460 workers in eight plants in the United States provide an excellent opportunity to update quantitative risk assessments for this widely used commodity chemical. We employ the semiparametric Cox relative risk (RR) regression model with a cumulative exposure metric to model cause-specific mortality from lung cancer and all other causes. The separately estimated cause-specific cumulative hazards are then combined to provide an overall estimate of age-specific mortality risk. Age-specific estimates of the additional risk of lung cancer mortality associated with several plausible occupational exposure scenarios are obtained. For age 70, these estimates are all markedly lower than those generated with the cancer potency estimate provided in the USEPA acrylonitrile risk assessment.(2) This result is consistent with the failure of recent occupational studies to confirm elevated lung cancer mortality among acrylonitrile-exposed workers as was originally reported by O'Berg,(3) and it calls attention to the importance of using high-quality epidemiology data in the risk assessment process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00461.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apoptosis in regenerating and denervated, nonregenerating urodele forelimbs (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Wound repair and regeneration 8 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1524-475X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Denervated limbs of larval salamanders fail to regenerate if amputated and, unlike adult limbs, undergo regression. The cellular basis of the tissue loss is poorly understood. We used TUNEL staining of larval axolotl limbs fixed and sectioned at intervals after bilateral amputation and unilateral denervation to investigate the role of apoptosis during normal limb regeneration and denervated limb regression. In the first week after amputation a small percentage of apoptotic cells was found in both innervated and denervated limbs. During the second week the apoptotic index remained low in the mitotically active mesenchymal cells of the regenerating limbs, but increased twofold in the nondividing, dedifferentiated cells of the regressing limbs. TUNEL-positive cells resembling apoptotic bodies were restricted primarily to the dedifferentiated area beneath the wound epithelium, but were also present within the wound epithelium itself. Macrophages were identified immunohistochemically and were also found in increased numbers in distal areas of the denervated regressing limbs. The results suggest a role for apoptosis in the early phase of normal regeneration and indicate that denervated limb regression involves an increased rate of apoptosis and removal of apoptotic bodies by macrophages and the wound epithelium.(WOUND REP REG 2000;8:110–116)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475x.2000.00110.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patents, Invalidity, and the Strategic Transmission of Enabling Information (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 12 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The patent system encourages innovation and knowledge disclosure by providing exclusivity to inventors. Exclusivity is limited, however, because a substantial fraction of patents have some probability of being ruled invalid when challenged in court. The possibility of invalidity—and an ensuing market competition—suggests that when an innovator's capability (e.g., cost of production) is private information, there is potential value to an innovator from signaling strong capability via a disclosure that transfers technical knowledge to a competitor. We model a product-innovation setting in which a valid patent gives market exclusivity and find a unique signaling equilibrium. One might expect that as the probability that a patent will be invalid becomes low, greater disclosure will be induced. We do not find this expectation to be generally supported. Further, even where full disclosure arises in equilibrium, it is only the less capable who make full disclosures. The equilibrium analysis also highlights many of the novel and appealing features of enabling knowledge disclosure signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.2003.00151.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interventional Treatment of Septic Coronary Embolism: Sailing into Uncharted and Dangerous Waters. (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of interventional cardiology 15 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8183
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2002.tb01109.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compression of Mediastinal Structures Treated by Extra-Anatomic Bypass Grafting (2004)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148-5020 , USA and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , England . : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of cardiac surgery 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8191
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Extra-anatomic bypass grafts have been used to treat complex and recurrent forms of coarctation of the aorta. Here we describe the use of an extra-anatomic bypass graft from the ascending to supraceliac aorta to treat an unusual complication of compression of mediastinal structures caused by a bucket handle graft.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0886-0440.2004.4093_11.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low Molecular Weight Heparins and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of interventional cardiology 15 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8183
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The consistent message that emerges from virtually every recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) trial is that the old “standard” of using aspirin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) can be considerably improved upon. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) (most notably enoxaparin) are emerging as a broad replacement for UFH. Initial safety concerns about combining LMWHs and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists have not been borne out; in fact, major bleeding complications may be lower with LMWHs. Clinical outcomes to date suggest that LMWHs may be a better first line therapy than UFH on which to superimpose adjunctive GP IIb/IIIa antagonists. Emerging clinical experience further supports the safety and efficacy of this combination regimen. The forthcoming SYNERGY study will prospectively compare enoxaparin and UFH in high risk patients in whom an invasive management strategy is pursued, with a high coincident use of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists. As the standard of care moves forward, we will see increasing use of LMWHs, with and without GP IIb/IIIa antagonists in conservatively and invasively managed patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2002.tb01047.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The regulation of presenilin-1 by nerve growth factor (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 76 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Presenilin-1 (PS1) protein concentration is linked to neuronal development and to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, yet little is known about the biological factors and mechanisms that control cellular levels of PS1 protein. As PS1 levels are highest in the developing brain, we tested whether neurotrophin-induced differentiation influences PS1 expression using neuronotypic pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) caused ∼ 60–75% increases in the steady-state levels of endogenous PS1 N- and C-terminal fragments. PS1 protein accumulation was dose-responsive to NGF and required the presence of the TrkA NGF receptor tyrosine kinase. NGF also induced PS1 fragment accumulation in cultured explants of rat dorsal root ganglia. Quantitative northern blot analysis using PC12 cultures indicated that NGF did not increase steady-state PS1 mRNA levels. However, pulse-chase experiments indicated that NGF slowed the degradation rate of endogenous PS1 fragments, increasing the half-life from t1/2 @22.5 to @25.0 h. This increase in half-life was insufficient to account for the ∼ 60–75% increase in PS1 fragment levels measured in NGF-treated cells. Thus, NGF may regulate PS1 protein concentration in NGF-responsive cells by a complex mechanism that increases PS1 fragment production independent of holoprotein synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00014.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating Amenity Benefits of Coastal Farmland (2001)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Growth and change 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates differences in non-market farmland amenity values estimated using distinct methodologies, with a focus on the potential causes and policy implications. The paper compares farmland amenity values generated by a hedonic property value model and a contingent choice model, both estimated from data collected in the Peconic Estuary System of Suffolk County, NY. The analysis demonstrates that a combination of non-market valuation methodologies can provide policy insights not otherwise available to those relying on any single approach, and illustrates types of information that may be obscured by methodologies used in isolation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00161
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