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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing Perceptions of Synergistic Health Risk: A Comparison of Two Scales (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Two approaches to measuring perceptions of synergistic risk were compared, one using the traditional Likert scale, the other using an anchored, relative scale. Perception of synergistic risk was defined as rating the combined hazard as more risky than each of its constituent single hazards. In a within-subjects design, a convenience sample from the community (N= 604) rated three hazard combinations and their constituents: Driving while Intoxicated (familiar, high synergy), Radon and Smoking (unfamiliar, high synergy), and Smoking and Driving (familiar, low synergy), on both scales. The relative scale was expected to be a more sensitive measure of synergy than the Likert scale. The effects of item order (single hazards rated first versus combined hazards rated first) were examined between subjects. Driving while Intoxicated was perceived by the large majority of participants as a synergistic risk on both scales, but neither of the other two combined hazards were rated synergistically on either scale. The relative scale demonstrated a slight advantage over the Likert scale, and presenting the single hazards first for the relative scale produced more synergistic ratings. It is recommended that anchored, relative scales be used to measure synergy and that single hazards be presented prior to the combined hazards when using relative scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00378
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of genetic and environmental effects for pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension: a family study (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 111 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives  To determine the importance of genetic effects in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension and to investigate whether pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension share genetic aetiology.Design  Individual record linkage between the population-based Swedish Multi-Generation and the Medical Birth Registers.Setting  Sweden.Population  1,188,207 births between 1987 and 1997 and their parents.Methods  Similarities in relatives were measured by the number of pairs concordant and discordant for disease, the odds ratio (OR) and tetrachoric correlations. Estimates of genetic and environmental effect for gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension were calculated from structural equation model fitting.Main outcome measures  Pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension.Results  Full sisters and mother–daughters were more similar for pre-eclampsia (OR 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0–3.6 and OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.3, respectively) than half-sisters (maternal half-sisters OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9–2.2 and paternal half-sisters OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6–1.6). Full sisters and mother–daughters were also more similar for gestational hypertension than half-sisters. A full sister to a woman with pre-eclampsia also had a significantly increased risk of gestational hypertension (OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.2–2.8). In contrast, the risk for half-sisters was not increased. Model fitting suggested heritability estimates for pre-eclampsia of 31%, for gestational hypertension 20% and for pregnancy-induced hypertension 28%.Conclusions  There is a genetic component in the development of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension and the pattern of co-morbidity suggests that they may share part of their genetic aetiology. This could be important for studies of potential susceptibility genes for these diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00042x.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Probes of Three Theories of Maternal Adjustment: I. Recent Evidence and a Model (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Family process 40 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1545-5300
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Studies focusing on genetic and social influences on maternal adjustment will illumine mother's marriage, parenting, and the development of psychopathology in her children. Recent behavioral genetic research suggests mechanisms by which genetic and social influences determine psychological development and adjustment. First, heritable, personal attributes may influence individuals' relationships with their family members. These genetically influenced family patterns may amplify the effects of adverse, heritable personal attributes on adjustment. Second, influences unique to siblings may be the most important environmental determinants of adjustment. We derive three hypotheses on maternal adjustment from integrating these findings from genetic studies with other contemporary research on maternal adjustment. First, mother's marriage mediates the influence of her heritable, personal attributes on her adjustment. Second, mother's recall of how she was parented is partially genetically influenced, and both her relationships with her spouse and her child mediate the impact of these genetically influenced representations on her current adjustment. Third, characteristics of mother's spouse are important influences on difference between her adjustment and that of her sister's These sibling-specific influences are unrelated to mother's heritable attributes. The current article develops this model, and the companion article describes the Twin Mom Study that was designed to test it as well, as its first findings. Data from this study can illumine the role of family process in the expression of genetic influence and lead to specific family interventions designed to offset adverse genetic influences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2001.4030100247.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic influence on birthweight and gestational length determined by studies in offspring of twins (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 107 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To determine the relative importance of genetic effects on birthweight, gestational length and small for gestational age.Design A cohort study, using individual record linkage between the population-based Swedish Twin and Birth Registers to estimate twin similarities in twins with known zygosity.Population Included were 868 monozygotic and 1141 dizygotic female twin pairs, born in Sweden before 1959, who both delivered single births from 1973–1993.Methods Quantitative genetic methods, offspring birthweight, gestational length and small for gestational age birth in twin sisters.Main outcome measures Twin similarities measured as probandwise concordance rates and intra-class correlations for birthweight, gestational length and small for gestational age births.Results Concordance rates and intra-class correlations for birthweight, gestational length and small for gestational age were consistently higher in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins. Model fitting suggested heritability estimates in the range from 25% to 40%.Conclusions This study suggests genetic effects not only for birthweight and fetal growth, but also for gestational length. The mediation of these genetic effects may partly be due to similarities in maternal antropometric measures, lifestyle and medical complications during pregnancy. The study does not distinguish between fetal and maternal genetic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13234.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cynipid galls: insect-induced modifications of plant development create novel plant organs (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cynipid gall formation is achieved by an insect–plant interaction whereby cynipid gallwasps redirect host-plant development to form novel structures to protect and nourish the developing larvae. Work was carried out to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this interaction, and extend the understanding of plant tissue development. Cytological changes of the inner-gall tissue throughout the development of several gall species was investigated and the developmental stages of gall formation defined, to reveal two different patterns of development followed by the galls tested. Fluorescent in situ hybridization demonstrated many of the inner-gall cells to be polytenized. Comparisons between inner-gall and non-gall tissue protein signatures by Schönrogge et al. (Plant, Cell and Environment 23, 215–222, 2000) have demonstrated the variation between gall and non-gall protein signatures, and identified a number of inner-gall proteins. Further analysis of one of these inner-gall proteins involved in lipid synthesis, putative biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), revealed differential expression throughout development, and showed this expression to be concentrated in the inner-gall tissue in all the gall species tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2004.01145.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The protein content of tissues in cynipid galls (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): Similarities between cynipid galls and seeds (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cynipid galls are examples of induced plant development, where the gall inducer is in control of cell differentiation and morphogenesis of a new plant organ. This study concentrates on the tissues of the larval chamber common to all cynipid galls. The protein content of the inner gall tissue was compared to that of non-gall plant tissues. We investigated three oak and two rose galls and their respective host plants. Total protein signatures of inner gall tissues were different from those of non-gall plant tissues, and among the five galls. N-terminal sequences were obtained for two abundant proteins from the inner gall tissues of D. spinosa and A. quercuscalicis, which were common to all galls, at 62 and 43 kDa. Database queries suggest the 62 kDa protein to be homologous to a protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), and the 43 kDa protein to be homologous to NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase (FDH). A naturally biotinylated protein was detected at 33 kDa during Western analyses with streptavidin. Western analyses revealed the presence of the biotinylated protein and PDI in the inner gall tissues of all five galls, while FDH was only detected in A. quercuscalicis and A. fecundator. PDI was also common to all non-gall tissues, while FDH was not detected in non-gall tissues, and the biotinylated protein was only detected in seeds. The proteins identified in the inner gall tissue suggest that (a) inner gall tissues in some galls are under respiratory stress, and (b) cynipid gall formation might involve the ectopic expression of seed-specific proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00543.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antigen-specific IgE and IgA antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are associated with stronger antigen-induced late phase reactions (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism(s) leading to the development of late phase allergic reactions is (are) unknown. Previous studies have indicated that a relationship between serum IgE and the late phase exists.To explore the relationships between allergen-specific immunoglobulins in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and the magnitude of airflow limitation during the late phase response to inhaled allergen.Ragweed-specific IgE, IgA, secretory IgA (sIgA) and IgG were measured in BAL fluid and in the serum 1–5 weeks before whole lung antigen challenge with ragweed extract, in 16 ragweed allergic asthmatics. In addition, BAL and serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and BAL fibrinogen levels were determined and BAL cells counted and differentiated. The latter procedures were repeated in a second BAL performed 24 h after the end of the ragweed challenge. After the challenge, lung function was monitored hourly for 8 h, to record the magnitude of airflow limitation.Ragweed-specific immunoglobulins were detected in 25% to 37.5% of BAL samples. Compared to the subjects with undetectable BAL fluid ragweed-specific IgE levels at baseline, those with detectable antibodies had stronger late phase reactions as determined by the nadir of FEV1 between hours 4 and 8 after the ragweed inhalation challenge (P = 0.0007). Allergen-induced changes in BAL ECP and fibrinogen levels were also higher in those subjects with detectable ragweed-specific IgE in baseline fluids (P = 0.03 and P = 0.005, respectively). Significant relationships between BAL antigen-specific IgA, serum ragweed-specific IgE and IgA and the late phase reaction were also found.The results of this study point towards the possibility that allergen-specific IgE and IgA may be independently involved in the pathogenesis of the late phase reaction. This notion merits further exploration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01048.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of cytokine generation and mediator release by human basophils treated with desloratadine (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Desloratadine is a non-sedating, clinically effective, anti-allergic therapy that has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties that extend beyond its ability to antagonize histamine at H1-receptor sites. This latter effect has been shown in vitro to be both IgE-dependent and -independent.Objective In this study, we addressed the ability of desloratadine to inhibit the in vitro generation of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 from human basophils while concurrently comparing its efficacy in preventing mediator release by these cells.Methods Basophil-enriched suspensions were treated with various concentrations of desloratadine for 15 min before stimulating with either anti-IgE antibody, calcium ionophore, IL-3 or phorbol ester. Histamine (fluorimetry), LTC4 (RIA) and IL-4 (ELISA) were all assayed using the same 4-h culture supernatants. IL-13 (ELISA) was measured in supernatants harvested after 20 h incubation. IL-4 mRNA expression (dilutional RT-PCR) was also examined.Results Desloratadine was found to be nearly six–seven times more potent in preventing the secretion of IL-4 and IL-13 induced by anti-IgE than it was at inhibiting the release of histamine and LTC4. These cytokines were equally inhibited by desloratadine following activation with ionomycin despite the lack of an effect on the histamine induced with ionomycin. Desloratadine had a lesser effect regarding inhibition of the IL-13 secreted in response to IL-3 and PMA. There was no evidence that desloratadine mediated its inhibitory effects by causing decreased cell viability. Finally, IL-4 mRNA accumulation was remarkably inhibited, by as much as 80%, following pretreatment with desloratadine.Conclusion While capable of inhibiting histamine and LTC4 release by human basophils, desloratadine is more effective at targeting the signals regulating IL-4 and IL-13 generation in these cells. This inhibitory effect on cytokine generation provides additional evidence that this antihistamine exerts anti-inflammatory properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01130.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergence as a process of self-organizing - New assumptions and insights from the study of non-linear dynamic systems (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of organizational change management 13 (2000), S. 526-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0953-4814
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Complexity researchers have identified four basic assumptions underlying non-linear dynamic systems (NDS): the assumption that change is a constant; the assumption that emergent systems are not reducible to their parts; the assumption of mutual dependence; and the assumption that complex systems behave in non-proportional ways. In this paper I use these new assumptions as a basis for explaining why order emerges in organizations, and for uncovering a three-stage process model of complex adaptive systems change (CASC). The insights from these NDS models are revealed through examples from two entrepreneurial firms undergoing transformative shifts in their development. These assumptions of NDS and the model of CASC may therefore be useful for understanding order creation and self-organizing processes in work groups, project ventures, and organizations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810010378560
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of single-base DNA mutations by enzyme-amplified electronic transduction (2001)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 19 (2001), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Here we describe a method for the sensitive detection of a single-base mutation in DNA. We assembled a primer thiolated oligonucleotide, complementary to the target DNA as far as one base before the mutation site, on an electrode or a gold–quartz piezoelectric crystal. After hybridizing the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/85704
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